The Zimbabwe Situation

A recent article in The Herald highlighted the demise of Harare Hospital. Quoting the superintendent, it depicted a picture of complete disintegration of a once prominent health facility. It was all the more credible because the government-owned press does not usually expose such failure of government institutions, and because any reader who has visited a government hospital in the past few months knows for himself or herself the heart-breaking catastrophes that occur daily. The superintendent told us that the lifts are not working, the mortuary fridges are dysfunctional and overflowing with corpses, the dialysis machines are not working, there are no surgical gloves, no bed-sheets, no drips, no medicines. The building itself is falling apart, with ceilings hanging and plumbing blocked. A scene of total dereliction and neglect.

But this is only the beginning of the story. What is happening in Harare Hospital is being repeated in every government hospital throughout the country and most of the clinics. It is not only Harare hospital which is in the intensive care unit. The entire health system is disintegrating before our eyes, and no one in government seems to have any interest or any plan for doing anything about it.

In the barely remembered days after Independence, ZANU-PF had a health policy – a very sensible one, inspired by egalitarian beliefs that health care was a fundamental right and should be made available to all. They inherited a system that had catered primarily for the white minority, with an emphasis on curative rather than preventative medicine. They recognised the fact that poor health stemmed more from poor social, economic and environmental conditions than from absence of western medical treatment. The high infant and child mortality rates and low life expectancy relative to those of white Zimbabweans, resulted from poverty, especially unsafe water and unsafe sanitary provisions combined with inadequate nutrition. The post-Independence health policy placed a focus on preventative health - protected toilets, safe water supplies, immunisation against childhood diseases, and family planning. Rural health centres, while providing curative treatments, were also to become centres for health education in the villages, through the training of village health workers; the general development of the economy would help to lift people out of poverty. Thus the mutually reinforcing relationship between poor health and poverty would be tackled from both ends – improvement in health services and reduction of poverty would go hand in hand.

Developments in the first few years of Independence were remarkable, and proved what a positive energy and dedication could achieve. In September 1980 the government announced a policy of free health care for everyone earning less than $150 per month; at a time when the minimum wage was $70, this included the vast majority of the people. Immunization campaigns were stepped up, especially in the rural areas, oral rehydration was introduced for diarrhoea, breastfeeding was promoted alongside childhood supplementary feeding, and improvements in water supply and sanitation. Contraceptive use was encouraged as a means to improving maternal health and reducing family size. Even the primary school syllabus was changed and textbooks were produced which introduced children to the “five killer diseases” as well as nutrition, and sanitation. The amount of funding for health increased from 4.6% of the total budget in 1979/80 to 5.9% of the budget in 1985/86.

As early as 1983 the results were already evident. Infant mortality fell from 120 per 1000 live births in 1980 to 83 in 1983 and 61 in 1989. Maternal mortality rates fell by 28% over the same years. The national average of underweight children dropped from 21% to 17.7% in 1984, and to 11% in 1988. Life expectancy rose from 56 in 1980 to 61 in 1990. These achievements were startling, bringing Zimbabwe very quickly to preside over one of the best health delivery systems in Africa, At the same time, economic growth assisted some families to rise out of poverty, as the GDP growth per annum averaged 4.3 in the 80’s, with higher rates for the first half of the decade. The promise of health for all became a realisable dream.

The Human Development Index (HDI) is a measure of how developed a country is compared to others. It is calculated on the basis of four factors: life expectancy at birth, adult literacy levels, school enrolments, and GDP per capita. It is a very rough indicator, because it leaves out many significant factors, but it is used by the United Nations to give a general idea of levels of development. In 1980 Zimbabwe’s level was .572, slightly higher than in 1975 when it was .547. By 1985 it had risen to .629. This compares to the 55 most developed countries, with indexes ranging from .886 to .734 in 1980.

But ZANU-PF held back from continuing with an aggressively preventative health care programme. More money continued to be poured into developing central hospitals and doctors continued to be trained with an urban-oriented curative based practice in mind. But if health standards throughout the country were not to fall back, poverty levels needed to continue to be controlled.

The peak was reached sometime after 1985. By 1990 the HDI had dropped back to .617, affected mainly by a significant drop in GDP per capita. The economy had begun to falter, held by the straight-jacket of government controls and growing corruption. The structural adjustment programme introduced in 1990 accelerated the growth of poverty. In 1990 the economy was still growing at the rate of 7% per annum, but by 1995 the rate was down to 0.2%. One of the conditions of continued balance of payments assistance from the IMF was that Zimbabwe reduce spending and introduce cost-recovery on social services. This meant that people would have to pay for health services. The government quite correctly resisted abandoning free health care, and it continued to be available to much of the rural population and some of the urban population, but as spending was cut, service provision deteriorated; often the specific care needed was either not offered or not adequate. Patients had no alternative in many cases but to seek treatment from the private sector or outside the country, something most could not afford. By 1996 30% of the population reported that they were having difficulty affording health care. Appeals for funds to pay for treatment abroad proliferated.

Into this already deteriorating situation marched a new disaster – AIDS. By 1990 the impact of AIDS was still in its early stages – the life expectancy rate was at its peak, although signs of what was to come were detectable in the slight rise of the infant mortality rate and the child mortality rate from their lowest levels in 1988 and 1989. Illness, rising death rates and growing poverty reversed the achievements of the 1980’s. By 1995 the HDI was only .571, lower than in 1980, and by 2002, the last year for which we have figures, it was .491, substantially lower than in 1975, nearly thirty years earlier.

The combination of structural adjustment and AIDS played havoc with the health of Zimbabweans. AIDS is caused by a virus, but the virus spreads more rapidly in conditions of poverty and unemployment. The less money spent on the health sector, especially of a preventative nature, the more rapidly HIV will spread. The more it spreads, the more curative care is needed. Thus government was cutting spending on health just as more resources were needed.

Obviously, the ZANU-PF government cannot be held responsible for AIDS. It is a world-wide phenomenon, and particularly affects this region. But why has it spread more rapidly in some countries than others, Zimbabwe included? And why have we failed to control it, where others have succeeded? Various explanations have been given, many involving social behaviours and attitudes which would take a long time to change. It is indeed a tragedy that HIV AIDS arrived on the scene just at a point of weakness in our economic position. But that is what governments are for – to identify problems and devise solutions for dealing with them. Our government clearly bears responsibility in its failure to recognise and tackle the epidemic as an emergency requiring immediate, concerted responses and large injections of funds, whether from its own resources or from donors. Government simply refused to act. Testing of patients was not permitted even for the purpose of determining scientifically the extent of infection within the population. Instead, as late as 1990, there was an ostrich-like refusal to acknowledge the catastrophe and a public stance of “let’s not be alarmist”, when what was needed was the very loud sounding of a nation-wide alarm.

It was only after the 1990 election, when Timothy Stamps was appointed Minister of Health, that the danger was openly acknowledged, but even then little was done by government to tackle the problem. There was a lack of political will, a reluctance even to admit when a public figure died, that he or she had died of AIDS. Government’s short term and medium term plans achieved little. In 1999 the President admitted that the government’s response had been slow, and it was only in that year that a National AIDS Policy was announced and the National AIDS Council formed. The following year the AIDS levy was introduced.

The AIDS levy was intended to go directly to AIDS sufferers, their families and the orphans they left behind, a policy not without its political motivation. But by 2000 corruption had taken hold of every government and many private institutions; the criteria for disbursement of the funds were imbued with political preference; the policy of relying on local committees was derailed by lack of capacity and clear corruption; enormous amounts were spent on salaries, perks and endless workshops, and it has not surprised anyone that the bulk of the funds never reached the intended beneficiaries. Meanwhile the health services, which had an additional burden to bear, were not being allocated the required funds. From an annual spending at a rate of $58 per capita in 1990/91, it collapsed to $36 in 1995/96, and never recovered adequately to deal with the crisis. Programmes which survived were generally provided by donors or were donor-funded, such as immunization, family planning, construction of toilets, and later the New Start counselling and testing for AIDS. AIDS awareness and education was largely carried out by NGOs after a foreign-funded attempt to integrate it into the school curriculum proved largely ineffective.

Meanwhile, health indicators were telling the story: life expectancy fell from a peak of 61 years in 1990 to 51.8 in 1995, and 38.2 in 2001. The child mortality rate climbed from 80 per thousand live births in 1990 to 123 in 2002, making it the third highest in the world. The number of T.B.cases multiplied by 5 times in the years 1990-2000. Zimbabweans were living short lives, experiencing poor health and failing to access medical care.

It is not easy, from the morass of statistics to determine what is the simple effect of AIDS and what results from the failure of the health system. AIDS and the failure of health policy are two sides of the same coin. Government simply neglected to respond. Instead of examining policies carefully to determine what to do about the devastating social effects of the structural adjustment programme, and devise a rapid response to the problem of AIDS, government dilly-dallied and allowed the health services to unravel before their eyes. Far from increasing health expenditure to meet the challenge, government looked aside as the catastrophe gained momentum, and spent its money on the army, the police, and propping up corrupt and dysfunctional parastatals. When doctors and nurses began to demand salaries commensurate with their skills and their importance to the nation, government, in their usual arrogant fashion, ignored them until they staged devastating strikes. Instead of treating the situation as a national health emergency, government responded with heavy-handed violence, tear-gassing nurses and arresting junior doctors. In fact, they had no idea how to deal with the complex problems of a declining GDP, galloping death rate, and rapidly spreading discontent. In the face of growing political opposition, all attention was focussed on repression, and spending directed towards the security apparatus.

While most Zimbabweans have few employment options, doctors and nurses do not have to put up with poor conditions and low salaries; they can leave. The exodus of skilled personnel which began in the mid 90’s affected none so much as the medical professionals. Few professionally trained people want to work without the tools of their trade, watching day after day as people die who could be saved. Even the most committed will eventually give up. Their skills being readily marketable almost anywhere in the world, they flooded out of the country. Opportunism gained a hold on the profession. Medical training had always been highly popular among the young, but now there was a rush to enter medical school or nursing training, as the preferred means of leaving Zimbabwe. And standards of service, as of facilities, continued to deteriorate. By 1998, per capita health spending was lower than it was at Independence.

By February 2000, the health of Zimbabweans was in a parlous state while the delivery system staggered, starved of funds, and rapidly losing skilled staff. But government chose this moment to deal the final death blow. The farm invasions, calculated to revive ZANU-PF’s long ailing popularity, took the economy into freefall. In that year alone, the economy shrank by 8.2%. By 2002 the shrinkage was another 14.5%, followed by 13.9% in 2003. By the beginning of 2005, the economy was only half the size of what it had been five years earlier. In a frantic race to boost the “new farmers’” capacity to produce food, before famine set in, and to maintain control of government, ZANU-PF made sure that funding was diverted to support agriculture, and health provision was ignored. As hospitals and eventually the private medical sector haemorrhaged doctors, nurses, specialists, pharmacists, physiotherapists, and all sorts of technicians, government had no solutions but to search for personnel from other countries. While complaining that Britain and the U.S. were “stealing” our doctors, we proceeded to “steal” doctors from the DRC, at higher salaries then we were prepared to pay to our own.

But the real crime was to destroy what had been a faltering but ultimately functioning economy. From 2000, poverty levels shot up. It is well known, and was clearly acknowledged by ZANU-PF after Independence, that poverty has a direct bearing on the health of people and is one of the strongest factors in the prevalence of various infectious diseases, including HIV-AIDS. Since 2000, as the economy shrank by half, employment levels have dropped by almost the same amount. The unemployed become cross-border traders, gold panners, prostitutes, all of which are occupations which expose people to squalid living conditions, poor sanitation, contaminated water, high-risk sexual relationships, and disease, especially HIV infection. Thus while poverty increases, disease levels multiply, but treatment has declined as the health services no longer provide. The result is plain for all to see in the expanding cemeteries, the growing number of orphans, lower development indexes, and lower life expectancies.

But the worst was still to come. In a nation where there are high levels of sickness and low levels of health care availability, government policies then contrived to deprive poor, unwell people of food. The dislocations of the land invasions and displacement of commercial farmers could not take place without affecting food production. Government attempted to deny that this would occur, but did allow donor agencies and NGOs to import and distribute food in 2002. By 2003 there were increasing disruptions in the distribution of the food aid as government sought to use it for political control over the people. By 2004, when it was clear that not enough food was being produced by the “new farmers”, government hid behind deliberate lies, pretending there was enough food and refusing to allow further imports. Government actually rejected donated food which was offered and used its own now scarce funds to secretly import, so it could retain control of food supplies. The result has been disastrous for the health of the nation. We will never know how many mothers and teenage girls contracted HIV infections because they were forced to prostitute themselves in exchange for food for their children or younger siblings. We will never know how many Zimbabweans died of AIDS because they were weakened from lack of sufficient food. Thousands of fathers, and even more mothers, could have survived and looked after their families for many more years had they had sufficient food. And yet, the food was there, or could have been made available, but was denied them because ZANU-PF wanted to maintain the evil fiction that food had been produced when it hadn’t.

With all attention focussed on a violent solution to a land problem that could easily have been resolved peacefully, ZANU-PF forgot about health. No money was available for salaries, equipment, drugs, or the necessary ingredients of a health care system. By 2003, at least 1,820,000 Zimbabweans were living with HIV/AIDS; more than 500 were being newly infected every day, and in that year alone 171,000 died of the killer disease. But by 2003 expenditure on health had declined from US$ 25 per capita in 1995 (already lower than in the 1980’s) to under US$ 10. By the first quarter of 2004, government services had only 45% of the doctors needed; 55% of the nurses, 48% of radiographers and 9% of the required pharmacists.

It is in this context that we should not be surprised when we hear that Harare Hospital is in the intensive care unit. So is the entire health system. In the years 1995-2001 – that is, even before the terrible collapse of the last four years – the proportion of the population with access to health care decreased by a staggering 41%. In the provinces of Mashonaland West, Manicaland and Matabeleland South the decrease was 60%. Who can tell what has happened since then? One of the indicators of the collapse is that statistics become more and more difficult to obtain and to verify. Not only is there a politically-motivated reluctance to release them, because they might reveal an ugly truth, but frequently they are simply not collected. Zimbabwe’s health care system has dropped into a black hole where we can see only misery and suffering but we can no longer measure its extent.

And what is government’s reaction? Knee-jerk. Throw money at it. Money, of course, that we don’t have, because all available resources are being diverted to revive a once-thriving agriculture, now wilfully destroyed, to import weapons when we have no war, to pay the militia to terrorise the population, and to enable the secret police to sniff out the discontented. Within a week of the report about Harare Hospital, the Minister of Health had announced that $100 billion would be spent to resuscitate it. Why does our government assume that everything can be corrected with money? Are we going to print enough money to give billions to every hospital and every clinic? Or is it only Harare Hospital that will be saved from oblivion? What are we going to do about the hundreds of thousands who will die of AIDS in the next two years? Beg some more anti-retrovirals from donor agencies when neither the delivery system nor the social system can use them effectively? Or are we going to starve them all so that we don’t have to worry about them any more? A government that starves its own sick people in order to make political capital is an insult to humanity – as is the whole sad story of Zimbabwe’s health system in the past fifteen years.

A health system is organically integrated with the society which it serves. ZANU-PF recognised in the beginning that one of the key factors in raising the health standards was the reduction of poverty.

That fact has not altered, but ZANU-PF’s understanding of it tragically has. More drugs and more money for hospitals are not going to restore us to the proud position we were in fifteen years ago. AIDS will not be conquered by antiretrovirals as long as people are living in destitution and weak from hunger. Yes, vast amounts of money will need to be committed. But we need a return to the fresh enthusiasm and dedication that we have lost. A whole rethink and development of policies which will put the nation on the road to economic recovery is necessary, so that poverty can be rooted out. Then a comprehensive health policy which caters for improved living conditions and changed social attitudes as well as curative treatment of disease will need to devised. These new approaches will come from within Zimbabwe, but they require a government that has constructive imagination, genuine concern for the well-being of its people, a determination to improve their lives rather than cling to power, and a readiness to work with willing donors rather than insulting them. Only then will Harare Hospital be removed, along with the entire nation, from the intensive care unit.

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MOVEMENT FOR DEMOCRATIC CHANGE

SADC PROTOCOL WATCH

‘WEEKLY UP-DATE’ – an assessment of the extent to which the Zimbabwe Government is complying with the SADC Protocol on Principles and Guidelines Governing Democratic Elections.

Issue 9: 4 March – 11 March

PRINCIPLES & GUIDELINES	PROGRESS TOWARDS COMPLIANCE	INCIDENTS/DEVELOPMENTS *(During the time-period stated above)*
GRADING: 1 = No Compliance 2 = Very Minimal Progress 3 = Minimal Progress 4 = Good Progress 5 = Full Compliance
Full Participation of citizens in the political process	2	5 March, Murehwa North, Mashonaland East: Four MDC youths were picked up by the police from their respective homes and were detained at Murehwa police station. Those arrested were Archibald Mudzingwa, Lovemore Munyoro, Tapfumaneyi Munyoro and Martin Chipango. These were accused of distributing MDC campaign fliers. In Chiredzi, a senior Zimbabwe National Army officer, Col Killian Gwanetsa, is campaigning for Zanu PF using an army vehicle. Last Friday 4 March, Gwanetsa instructed two war veterans Elson Muko and Flaxman Mpapa to pull down campaign posters for the MDC candidate, Emmaculate Makondo. 5 March 2005 Mudzi West, Mashonaland East: The MDC candidate for Mudzi West Shorai Tsungu was arrested at around 22 00 hours and was detained at Nyamapanda Police Border Post. Shorai was attending a meeting that had been called for by officials from the ZEC to discuss polling station locations and was held at Kotwa Business centre. He was arrested by the police on allegations that he was responsible for the graffiti that was made on the roads in the area. A docket no 16/03/02 was opened. The docket indicates that the crime was committed in 2002. 4 March Bindura, Mashonaland Central: The MDC candidate for Mount Darwin South, Henry Chimbiri and the Provincial chairperson for Mashonaland Central, Tapera Macheka and Petros Chiunye the election agent for Mount Darwin South, were arrested in Bindura. The three were looking for information relating to polling stations and were deliberately directed to a municipal council office where a ZANU PF meeting was underway. As soon as they got into the office they were apprehended by the ZANU PF group and were accused of having waved MDC slogans. Hey were taken to the police station and were detained at Bindura police station for more than 8 hours. They were released upon payment of admission of guilt fine of $25 000,00 each. 4 March: Nhamo Makwaza a youth in the Glen Norah Constituency was arrested at around 0300 hours for putting up MDC campaign posters. 2 March: 11 MDC activists in Guruve North were arrested by police while distributing campaign material. 21 February: MDC activist Tendai Matsine and his wife were severely beaten up by Zanu PF youth in Huruingwe East. They were attacked after being caught putting up MDC posters. The incident was reported to the police but police informed the MDC officials that they had been given instructions by their superiors NOT TO ARREST Zanu PF activists engaged in acts of violence. 20 February: a group of MDC youth was assaulted by a group of Zanu PF youth led by Fidelis Kangwere whilst putting up posters for the MDC Makoni West candidate, Remus Mukuwaza. The MDC activists were told that Makoni West was a no-go area for the MDC. 20 February: 2 MDC youths in Hurungwe East were abducted by a group of Zanu PF youth while distributing MDC campaign material. They were taken to the local Zanu PF offices and severely assaulted. 10 February: the Government deploys more than 2,000 members of the notorious youth militia in Kamativi, a perceived MDC stronghold in Matabeleland North. The youth have already begun patrolling villages in Binga and Hwange, two areas represented by MDC legislators. Hwange MP, Jealous Sansole, reported that people in his constituency were now afraid to attend meetings due to the presence of the militia. The militia have also been registered to vote in Hwange and Binga, despite not ever having resided in either of the constituencies. 8 February: Members of the army brutally attacked 15 MDC supporters as they departed a rally in Nyanga.
Freedom of Association	2	The government has barred opposition and independent candidates from canvassing for support amongst members of the uniformed forces. Commanders at army, police and prison camps have in the past few weeks refuse candidates permission to hold meetings or to distribute flyers in the camps where thousands of personnel live with their families. Ruling party candidates are able to enter the camps and canvass for support. 6 March: Police ban an MDC rally in Harare South 5 March: Police ban an MDC rally in Harare South. 17 February: riot police beat up protesters, and arrested 14 of them, during a March in Harare for free and fair elections. 16 February: Police in Harare raided a training session of the MDC’s 120 candidates. Police claimed the meeting was illegal under POSA. Ian Makone, the MDC’s Director of Elections, was arrested. 12 February: police arrested 40 women in Bulawayo following a march organised by Women of Zimbabwe Arise (WOZA) ‘to spread the message of love’. 8 February: Godrich Chimbaira, the MDC candidate for Zengeza, was arrested for holding a meeting at his house with members of the local structures.
Political Tolerance	2	10 March 2005, Marondera West, Mashonaland East: The MDC ward 16 Chairperson Parthias Ndati, 50, was attacked by a group of 10 youths aligned to Ambrose Mutinhiri, Zanu PF’s candidate in the forthcoming parliamentary elections. They accused him of organising a rally on Wednesday 9 March that was addressed the MDC President Morgan Tsvangirai. The youths also beat-up Ndati’s two sons, Matthew and Silas. Among the assailants, Ndati identified Patson Nhumbe, Tendai Kasinamunda, Fungai Zvarehwa and Lawrence Mushangazhike. Ndati has since made a report to the police in Mahusekwa 6 March 2005, Bindura Mashonaland Central: A group of ZANU PF supporters invaded the venue for an MDC rally and attacked MDC supporters, injuring several. 4 March: A war veteran identified only as Mr. Machabvonga, led 12 Zanu PF youths and 12 soldiers, armed with pistols, to attack MDC activists in Epworth. They ransacked the houses of MDC activists Lameck Calisto, Najina Takadza and Mary Kurichapa and looted property valued at 8 million. The incident was reported to ZRP Epworth and was recorded under RRB numbers 0767380/05, 0767382/05 and 0767381/05 respectively. Epworth police are under pressure from the Zanu PF leadership to release the Zanu PF activists who have been arrested. 3 March: Prince Chibanda, the MDC candidate for Zvimba North and Paidamoyo Muzulu the information and publicity secretary, were arrested and detained at Chinoyi police station. 2 March: a group of Zanu PF supporters in Harare East travelled round in a government owned bus removing Zanu PF posters. 27 February: the MDC candidate for Lupane, Njabuliso Mnuni, was arrested by police for allegedly threatening a Zanu PF official. 22 February: MDC youth activist, Thembekile Moyo, suffered a fractured leg after being attacked by Zanu PF youth in Insiza while putting up posters. 20 February: 3 MDC candidates were attacked by a group of soldiers whilst returning from the launch of the MDC’s election campaign in Masvingo. 2 were admitted to hospital to receive treatment for their injuries. The incident was reported to police but no arrests have been made. 11 February: the MDC candidate for Hurungwe West, Godfrey Gumbo, was abducted by a group of Zanu PF supporters and taken to their HQ in Harare where he was severely assaulted. Mr Gumbo was abducted along with Stanley Razaro(the District Chairperson for Hurungwe) and Masavhaya Dipuka (the Organising Secretary). ALL THIS HAPPENED IN THE PRESENCE OF THE POLICE 10 February: Zanu PF activists, led by the son of the Deputy Minister for Foreign Affairs, Abednico Ncube, ordered a church sponsored feeding programme (responsible for feeding 300 children) to be stopped on the grounds that the ‘church was working with the MDC’. 8 February: 13 MDC supporters in Gwanda were arrested and fined Z$25,000 each by police for waving their open palms at Deputy Foreign Affairs Minister, Abednico Ncube. 8 February: Chiefs in Tsholotsho, Umzingwane and Insiza (Matabeleland South) ordered their subjects to attend Zanu PF rallies only and warned those who defy the order and attend MDC rallies that they will be denied food aid. Matabeleland South is currently affected by acute food shortages with a significant proportion of the population in desperate need of food aid.
Equal opportunity for all political parties to access the state media	2	“We hereby lodge a formal complaint concerning the manner in which you handled our programmes on national television and radio. We are concerned and aggrieved by your continued sabotage of the party. You seem to be going out of your way to ensure that *MDC* *efforts are thwarted….Yesterday ZTV featured an interview with* *MDC* *legislator and secretary for economic affairs* *Tendai* *Biti. As you are aware, in the major cities, the programme was clear only in* Harare and Masvingo. In areas such as Gweru and Mutare the interview was not clear, as there was severe interference in the form of feedback from radio. In Bulawayo there was complete loss of transmission. As far as the MDC is concerned this was deliberate sabotage. It appears to us that the blackout and severe interference was not coincidental”, said MDC Secretary General Welshman Ncube in his letter to ZBH chairman Rino Zhuwarara (7 March 2005) 1 March: MDC allotted 12 minutes on ZBC to present Manifesto. The party has also been given 9 free to air slots on both radio and TV. 20 February: The launch of the MDC’s election campaign in Masvingo was not carried live by the Zimbabwe Broadcast Corporation (ZBC). Instead it gave the event 2 minutes and thirty five seconds coverage later that evening. This was followed by a two-hour live interview with President Mugabe. The launch of the Zanu PF campaign on 11 February was allocated 18 minutes on a prime time news bulletin. In addition, the party’s 4 hour launch was covered live with ZTV’s presenters wearing Zanu PF t-shirts. This does not equate with Government claims that it has allowed opposition parties ‘reasonable’ access to the state controlled electronic media. In its weekly monitoring reports, the Media Monitoring Project Zimbabwe observed the following: 14 – 20 February: in the state press 19 of 28 articles about the election campaigns defended the ruling party, while the other 9 disparaged the MDC. 21-27 February: 58 of 66 articles covering the election campaigns were devoted to Zanu PF. 28 Feb – 6 March: 33 (83%) of the 40 stories that ZBH (ZTV, Radio Zimbabwe and Power FM) carried on campaigns were positive portrayals of the ruling party. Four (10%) reports were on the MDC while the remaining three (7%) were on the independent candidate Silas Mangono’s attack on the MDC. Notably, while the four reports on the MDC deviated from the usual vilification of the party as a stooge of the West, the MDC was denigrated in most of the stories on ZANU PF. Similarly, 85% of 27 stories the government Press carried gave positive coverage to the ruling party while only three (11%) were on the MDC. “The little airtime accorded to MDC – around 12 percent on a weekly basis – is mostly devoted to portraying the party in a negative light,” said Nhlanhla Ngwnya of the MMPZ** The Government confirmed that the new regulations will not permit access to the state controlled print media which continues to refuse to carry adverts from opposition parties.
Constitutional and legal guarantees of freedom and rights of citizens	1	There has been no move to repeal those aspects of the Public Order and Security Act (POSA) and the Access to Information and Protection of Privacy Act (AIPPA) that place severe limitations on citizens’ basic civil and political rights. POSA continues to be used to ban MDC meetings and prevent free political activity. On 14 January amendments to AIPPA were signed into law by Mugabe. The amendments tighten restrictions on journalists and under the new regulations journalists who work without a licence from the state controlled Media and Information Commission, face a two-year jail sentence or a fine or both.
Conducive environment for free, fair and peaceful elections	1	Gordon Moyo, the chairman of the Bulawayo Agenda, a civic education group, last week told the media that political violence, intimidation and the use of food aid to coerce voters was increasing ahead of the elections. Moyo further alleged that voters were being told that the use of translucent ballot boxes would enable the authorities to trace each vote cast. 20 February: An article in the Zimbabwe Standard alleges that the government has ordered Chitungwiza municipality to surrender more than 1,000 housing stands to Christopher Chigumba, the Zanu PF candidate for neighbouring Zengeza.
Non-discrimination in the voters’ registration	1	Under the new electoral reforms the exercise of voter registration remains in the hands of the office of the Registrar General; an office which has a proven track record of gross manipulation of the voter registration process to the political advantage of the ruling party. The Registrar General is openly supportive of Zanu PF. The Registrar General’s office embarked on a mobile registration exercise in May 2004 but the exercise was discriminatory because in urban areas the RG’s office was only issuing birth certificates and identity documents. In the rural areas, a massive door-to-door voters’ registration exercise was conducted.
Existence of an up-dated and accessible voters’ roll	1	Voters have been arbitrarily removed from the voters’ roll. Inspections that have been carried out thus far on sections of the voters’ roll have revealed an alarming number of anomalies. The Registrar General has consistently refused to provide the opposition with an updated electronic version of the voters’ roll which would enable them to check its accuracy in an efficient manner. The discriminatory nature of the voter registration process that has been undertaken ahead of the parliamentary elections has raised deep concerns about the accuracy of the voters’ roll. These concerns have been increased by the recent boundary changes, carried out by the Mugabe appointed Delimitation Commission, on the basis of the voters’ roll submitted by the Registrar General. In areas perceived to be MDC strongholds the Delimitation Commission reduced the number of constituencies. For instance, Harare lost two constituencies on the spurious grounds that the number of voters had fallen by 46,780. This is absurd given that official census published by the Government last year confirmed that Harare’s population had grown by 500,000. The areas of Manicaland, Mashonaland East and Mashonaland West, where Zanu PF is perceived to have popular support, gained three constituencies.
Establish impartial, all-inclusive, competent and accountable national electoral bodies	1	The recently established Zimbabwe Electoral Commission (ZEC) will be chaired by Justice Chiweshe whose impartiality is questionable. More importantly, the ZEC is subject to the authority of the Electoral Supervisory Commission which is entirely appointed by Mugabe. All the other electoral bodies are entirely chosen by, and beholden to, the Executive.
Ensure that adequate security is provided to all parties participating in elections	1	The police and other state security agents continue to discharge their respective mandates in a partisan manner and deny MDC members their right to protection under the rule of the law. 9 March: a truck carrying MDC campaign materials worth millions of dollars was commandeered by police at a roadblock. The truck was heading to Chimanimani (Manicaland) from the party HQ in Harare. It was carrying t-shirts, bandanas and posters, fuel and cash for use in the final leg of the campaign for the 31 March general election. Police have confiscated all the campaign materials. 23 February: MDC candidate for Bindura, Joel Mugariri and Mashonaland Central Provincial Chairperson, Tapera Macheka, were arrested by police for putting up posters. 23 February: Hilda Mafudze, MDC candidate for Manyame, reported that 11 MDC youths were assaulted by Zanu PF supporters while distributing campaign literature. The incident was reported to Norton police station but the police refused to arrest the Zanu PF youth. 15 February: 7 MDC supporters were arrested by police in Bulawayo for distributing MDC campaign material. All campaign material was confiscated. The increasing number of youth militia and war veterans being incorporated into the police force further erodes public confidence in the police to act impartially.
Independence of the judiciary	2	In a recent statement, the civic organisation, Zimbabwe Lawyers for Human Rights (ZLHR), expressed its concern at the increasing incidences of intimidation of the justice administration officials by state security agents. ZLHR said that most of the victims were prosecutors, lawyers and judges handling human rights-related cases or those deemed politically sensitive. “The conduct goes to the root of the independence of the judiciary. In particular, such conduct seriously erodes the public’s confidence in the Courts and has grave consequences for the rule of law.”
Safeguard the human and civil liberties of all citizens, including the freedom of movement, assembly, association, expression and campaigning	1	22 February: MDC candidate for Shamva, Godfrey Chimombe, was arrested along with five MDC activists while putting up posters.
Counting of votes at polling stations	4	The Electoral Act contains a provision expressing the need for votes to be counted at polling stations; however, the Act fails to make it clear whether or not this process will be mandatory.
Voter Education	1	The clauses in the ZEC Act that ban civic society from engaging in voter education and ban foreign funding for civic education are unconstitutional.
Polling stations should be in neutral places	2	Section 51 of the Electoral Act requires only that polling stations be established at ‘convenient’ places, determined solely by constituency election officers (section 17 of the Act allows the military to be constituency officers) and even permits a polling station outside the boundaries of the constituency.
Regular intervals as provided for by the respective National Constitutions	5	The constitution provides for parliamentary and presidential elections every 5 years and 6 years respectively.
Take all necessary measures and precautions to prevent the perpetration of fraud, rigging or any other illegal practices throughout the whole electoral process in order to maintain peace and security	2	The emasculation of the independent media, the presence of youth militia and the likelihood that members of the military will act as election officers raises the possibility of widespread incidents of electoral malpractice. The Government has raised allowances and salaries of headmen and village heads by 150%, with effect from January. This was a blatantly political move aimed at securing the loyalty of the chiefs ahead of the parliamentary elections. In recent elections chiefs and village heads have threatened villagers with expulsion if they are suspected of having voted for anyone but Zanu PF. The government plans to spend Z$8 million to import 15,000 tonnes of maize to feed 1.5 million people until the harvest in April. The timing of the announcement has raised concerns that the ruling party will use food aid to coerce the electorate – as it has done in previous elections. The removal of the incumbent Registrar General would go someway towards signalling the Government’s determination to prevent electoral malpractice from occurring. The establishment of multi-party liaison committees, as provided for in the ZEC Act, potentially provides a useful mechanism for preventing or resolving conflicts and enhancing peace and security during the entire election period.