Executive Summary 1. The Presidential run-off election
on the 27th June 2008 took place against
the background of the worst state-led violence that Zimbabweans have experienced
since the Gukurahundi massacres of the mid 1980’s, and in the context of a SADC
mediation that had failed to ensure a generally acceptable election
process.
2. This report draws upon 3 320
formal interviews with victims of human rights abuses over the last three
months. This figure represents a fraction of those directly affected by
violence, the majority of whom are likely to have failed to access appropriate
medical assistance. 3. The violence of May and June 2008
differs from previous phases of election violence in that unlike previous
elections the violence did not taper off in the weeks leading to the
election.
4. There have been 106 confirmed
murders in the last three months, with clear indications that the number will
grow as more information comes to light. 5. The most common form of murder in
every month was abduction followed by death, with known activists being abducted
from their homes, at roadblocks or elsewhere. 6. Many of these abductions,
followed by slow or quick execution, fit the criteria for enforced
disappearances, a particularly pernicious form of extra judicial killing with
severe long-term consequences for families and communities. Families are left
without closure, being thus deprived of the basic human right to mourn their
dead, and the possibility of being forcibly ‘disappeared’ strikes terror into
the hearts of communities. 7. This pattern of abduction
followed by assassination has not been common in Zimbabwe in the last ten years.
However it was prevalent during the 1980s Gukurahundi killings in
Matabeleland. 8. The 100-year-old pattern of
impunity for state perpetrators in Zimbabwe has unsurprisingly been maintained
during the violence of 2008. 9. The youth militia were the
overwhelmingly most common perpetrators of violence, while the Joint Operations
Command (JOC) has continued to play key roles in overseeing and orchestrating
the violence. 10. The combined Zanu PF paramilitary
forces of militia, war vets and supporters accounted for 82% of the violence,
while the MDC/other category accounted for 1% of the violence. 11. Most of the violence (77%) was
reported in the three Mashonaland provinces and Harare. In Mashonaland East and
Central in particular, wards and villages that had shown a high MDC vote were
mercilessly targeted, in what can be described as both a policy of punishment
for ‘betraying’ Zanu PF, and a pre-emptive strike ahead of the run-off, to turn
the tide against Morgan Tsvangirai. 12. 18% of victims held leadership
positions in their communities, while 43% claimed MDC affiliation. 1% claimed
Zanu PF affiliation. Moreover Zanu PF had a recognizable policy of attacking not
just key people in the MDC leadership, but also targeting their
families.
13. During May and June there was a
notable shift of the violence to Harare. Youth militia bases were set up across
the city, in both high and low density suburbs.
14. 80% of the victims were aged
between 21 and 60, with 10% of the victims under 10 years old. Reprisal attacks by MDC members
amounted to a fraction of the assaults, murders and destruction of property by
Zanu PF supporters. "The hope of change offered by
the March 29 presidential election has been ruthlessly and systematically
crushed, and all that remains is the stains of our butchered dreams." (a
Zimbabwean quoted in The Scotsman: 29 June 2008) Quotes "I am now alone and I am angry
because these people abused us and they have now left us to face the people that
we tormented in the name of Mugabe." (War veteran Misheck Gora from Masvingo
province, on facing charges of malicious injury to property, 21 July 2008)
“We are enveloped in the politics
of hate. The amount of hate that is being preached today in this country is
frightful. What Zimbabwe fought for was peace, progress, love, respect, justice,
equality, not the opposite. And one of the worst evils we see today is
corruption. The country bleeds today because of corruption . . . Our country
cannot progress on fear and false accusations which are founded simply on the
love of power. There is something radically wrong with our country today and we
are moving, fast, towards destruction. There is confusion and corruption and,
let us be clear about it, we are seeing racism in reverse under false mirror of
correcting imbalances from the past. In the process we are creating worse
things. We have created fear in the minds of some in our country. We have made
them feel unwanted, unsafe.... The fear that pervades the rulers has come down
to the people and to the workers.” (Joshua Nkomo, 12 April 1986, at Lookout
Masuku’s funeral) We the Parties to this Memorandum
of Understanding . . . · Dedicat[e] ourselves to putting
an end to the polarisation, divisions, conflict and intolerance that have
characterised our country’s politics; · Determine[d] to build a society
free of violence, fear, intimidation, hate, patronage, corruption and founded on
justice, fairness, openness, transparency, dignity and equality…. [Robert Mugabe, Morgan
Tsvangirai, Arthur Mutambara, 21 July 2008.] CID
Criminal
Investigations Department CIO
Central
Intelligence Organisation COSATU
Congress of
South African Trade Unions GSW
Gun shot
wound MDC
Movement for
Democratic Change MOU
Memorandum of
Understanding MP
Member of
Parliament NANGO
National
Association of NGOs NCA
National
Constitutional Assembly NGO
Non
governmental organisation SA
South Africa
SADC
Southern
African Development Community SPT
Solidarity
Peace Trust UNICEF
United
Nations Children’s Fund UK
United
Kingdom USA
United States
of America ZADHR
Zimbabwe
Association of Doctors for Human Rights ZANU
PF
Zimbabwe
African National Union - Patriotic Front ZCTU
Zimbabwe
Congress of Trade Unions ZEC
Zimbabwe
Electoral Commission ZESN
Zimbabwe
Electoral Support Network ZNA
Zimbabwe
National Army ZRP
Zimbabwe
Republic Police Executive Summary 1.
The Presidential run-off election
on the 27th June 2008 took place against
the background of the worst state-led violence that Zimbabweans have experienced
since the Gukurahundi massacres of the mid 1980’s, and in the context of a SADC
mediation that had failed to ensure a generally acceptable election
process. 2.
This report draws upon 3320
formal interviews with victims of human rights abuses over the last three
months. This figure represents a fraction of those directly affected by
violence, the majority of whom are likely to have failed to access appropriate
medical assistance. 3.
The violence of May and June 2008
differs from previous phases of election violence in that unlike previous
elections the violence did not taper off in the weeks leading to the
election.
4.
There have been 106
confirmed murders in the last three months, with clear indications that the
number will grow as more information comes to light. 5. The most common form of
murder in every month was abduction followed by death with known activists being
abducted from their homes, at road blocks or elsewhere. 6. Many of these abductions
followed by slow or quick execution fit the criteria for enforced
disappearances, a particularly pernicious for of extra judicial killing with
severe long-term consequences for families and communities. Families are left
without closure, being thus deprived of the basic human right to mourn their
dead, and the possibility of being forcibly ‘disappeared’ strikes terror into
the hearts of communities. 7. This pattern of abduction
followed by assassination has not been common in Zimbabwe in the last ten years.
However it was prevalent during the 1980s Gukurahundi killings in
Matabeleland. 8. The 100 year old pattern of
impunity for state perpetrators in Zimbabwe has unsurprisingly been maintained
during the violence of 2008. 9. The youth militia was the
overwhelmingly most common perpetrators of violence, while the Joint Operation
Command (JOC) has continued to play key roles in overseeing and orchestrating
the violence. 10. The combined ZANU PF
paramilitary forces of militia, war vets and supports accounted for 82% of the
violence, while the MDC/other category accounted for 1% of the
violence. 11. Most of the violence (77%)
was reported in the three Mashonaland provinces and Harare. In Mashonaland East
and Central in particular, wards and villages that had shown a high MDC vote
were mercilessly targeted, in what can be described as both a policy of
punishment for ‘betraying’ Zanu PF, and a pre-emptive strike ahead of the
run-off, to turn the tide against Morgan Tsvangirai. 12. 18% of victims held leadership
positions in their communities, while 43% claimed MDC affiliation. 1% claimed
Zanu PF affiliation. Moreover Zanu PF had a recognizable policy of attacking not
just key people in the MDC leadership, but also targeting their
families.
13. During May and June there was a
notable shift of the violence to Harare. Youth militia bases were set up across
the city, in both high and low density suburbs.
14. 80% of the victims were
aged between 21 and 60, with 10% of the victims under 10 years
old. 15. Reprisal attacks by MDC
members amounted to a fraction of the assaults, murders and destruction of
property by Zanu PF supporters. PART I: An overview
of political events since 29 March 2008 In its report on the March
29th 2008 Harmonised Election the
Solidarity Peace Trust recorded the widespread state-led violence that followed
the Zanu PF’s electoral loss in that plebiscite, in the context of the SADC led
mediation that failed to break the political deadlock in the country. The lack
of an outright winner in the Presidential election, and the controversy
surrounding the long delay in the announcement of result of this election,
resulted in the Presidential run-off on the 27th June 2008 and after as this report shows.
Whereas the period preceding the March elections was relatively peaceful the
horrendous violence that marred the period leading up to the June election,
completely undermined the conditions for a free and fair election. With little
pretence at creating conditions for Zimbabweans to practice their democratic
right to vote for a candidate of their choice, Zimbabwe’s ruling party rolled
out a campaign of violence, the degree of which has not been witnessed in the
country since the Gukurahundi massacres in Matabeleland and the Midlands in the
mid 1980s. Through a combination of over 100 extra judicial murders, systematic
use of torture, widespread displacements, and a general campaign of terror, the
Zimbabwean state targeted the structures and supporters of the MDC, including
those who had formerly given their support to the ruling party. The country’s
citizens were left in little doubt that Robert Mugabe and the military cabal in
control of the Zimbabwean state had no intention of losing power through the
vote, stressing on several occasions the supremacy of the gun in Zanu PF’s
statecraft. As the electoral crisis deepened,
the broader regional and international aspects of the Zimbabwean impasse were
brought into greater relief, indicating the complexity of the situation and the
broad array of political players involved in the Zimbabwe crisis. Even as the
Mugabe regime evoked more critical voices in SADC and the AU, the longstanding
binary between the West and Africa on the Zimbabwe problem re-asserted itself,
proving once again the importance of carefully negotiating the relations between
the national, regional and international dimensions of the situation. As the
country finally looks set to enter discussions for a negotiated settlement,
there are likely to be many obstacles ahead in finding a solution to Zimbabwe’s
problems. Moreover SADC and the AU must confront the longer-term problem of
dealing with incumbent regimes that continue to disrespect the electoral process
and use their control of state power to ‘negotiate’ their way out of electoral
losses, in the name of sovereignty and liberation legacies. The enormous
controversy surrounding President Mbeki’s mediation, and the challenges of
presenting an alternative to it, has raised more questions about conflict
resolution mechanisms on the continent. As much as any recent political
challenge in Southern Africa, the Zimbabwean crisis has asked very serious
questions about SADC, and the future of democratic challenges in the region. The
future of Zimbabwe is delicately balanced and it is hoped that whatever
political settlement emerges from the SADC mediation, will lay the basis for
long-term transformation of the country’s authoritarian political structures.
However the mere fact that major political parties have agreed to hold talks, is
an indicator that the combination of political and economic pressures on the
Mugabe regime, and the lack of an alternative route to power for the MDC has
necessitated the need for negotiation. 2.
The Presidential Run-Off Election of 27th June 2008 From the orgy of violence
unleashed by Zanu PF on the MDC and its supporters soon after the March
election, it was clear that prospects for a generally acceptable June election
were slim. On repeated occasions Mugabe, his supporters in the military and his
wife made it clear that the pen could not supplant the gun in deciding the
future of the country. Claiming divine support for his power Mugabe declared
unequivocally that: The MDC will never be allowed to
rule this country - never ever. Only God, who appointed me, will remove me - not
the MDC, not the British. Only God will remove me.[1] Mugabe further warned that “we
are prepared to fight for our country and to go to war for it.”[2] Bolstering this position the
Commander of the Zimbabwe Defence Forces, General Constantine Chiwenga
stated: Our comrade, Defence Forces
chief, our leader President Mugabe and comrade-in-arms will romp to victory. We
say so because we have no apology to make to any house nigger and puppets. So
much blood was shed and this has to be known by every Zimbabwean.” Not to be outdone Mugabe’s wife,
Grace, warned Tsvangirai that he would “never set foot in State House” and that
Mugabe would “only step down to give way to someone from Zanu-PF who knows how
to preserve our sovereignty.”[3] Such threatening utterances,
located in the general violence unleashed during this period, were accompanied
by the arrest of the President of the MDC Morgan Tsvangirai on several occasions
in the month of the run-off, the arrest of the MDC Secretary General Tendai Biti
on the charge of treason and the arrest and harassment of at least 10 MDC MP’s
and 2 senators. In response to the perceived threats to his safety Tsvangirai
sought refuge in the Dutch Embassy a few days before the June 27th election.[4] Additionally members of the US
and British diplomatic missions were detained by Zimbabwean police while
attempting to travel to the countryside to witness the violence being
perpetrated against the population,[5] while the state also stopped
food aid organizations, Care International, Save the Children and the Adventist
Development Relief Agency, from carrying out their operations.[6] The messaging of Mugabe’s
Presidential campaign continued the anti-colonial theme that has characterised
Mugabe’s discourse since the 2000 election. “We are now”, Mugabe noted, “an
independent country and no longer under colonial rule. Zimbabwe is now for the
black people.”[7] The slogan for the Mugabe
campaign was “100% Empowerment, Total Independence,” and Mugabe warned of the
future take-over of foreign firms. He also threatened to deal with “unethical
businesses” noting that these would be “our number one agenda after the
election.”[8] In response to Mugabe’s
belligerent electoral messages, Tsvangirai’s campaign stressed the image of a
man of peace, unwilling to “go to State House over the dead bodies of
Zimbabweans.”[9] Given the onslaught of violence
against the MDC structures and its supporters, Tsvangirai announced on the
22nd June 2008 that he would “no longer
participate in this violent, illegitimate sham of an election process.”[10] This statement was followed on
the 25th June 2008 with a formal letter to
the Chair of the Zimbabwe Election Commission, stating that: What has been going on in this
country immediately after the elections held on 29th March 2008 is a clear testimony that the
elections scheduled for 27th June 2008
cannot be held efficiently, freely, fairly, transparently and in accordance with
the law.[11] The decision not to participate
was supported by the major groups in civil society who urged the SADC, AU and UN to work with
political parties, civil society, churches and people of Zimbabwe “to facilitate
the holding of fresh elections under a new democratic constitution.” [12] On the 24th June the UN Security
Council issued a statement regretting that “the campaign of violence and the
restrictions on the political opposition have made it impossible for a free and
fair election to take place” and observed that the results of the 29th March elections “must be respected.”[13] At the insistence of the SA
government this statement was watered down to prevent it calling Mugabe’s
election illegitimate. Additionally President Mbeki made a last ditch attempt on
the 18th June to persuade Mugabe to cancel
the run-off and begin talks on a negotiated settlement. The ruling party were somewhat
taken aback with the decision, with different messages emerging from the state,
but also stressing that Tsvangirai was legally bound to participate.[14] The June election subsequently
went ahead as a one man race with Mugabe ‘winning’ a ‘landslide victory’
recording 2,150,269 to Tsvangirai’s 233,000 votes. Given the widespread
reporting and lobbying on the violence in the country and the increasingly
critical voices emerging amongst the African countries, it was apparent that for
the first time Mugabe would not receive the same uncritical support he had come
to expect from the African organizations in the past. The SADC position on the election
was that it “did not represent the will of the
people of Zimbabwe,” and recommended a continuation
of the SADC mediation.[15] The Observer Mission of the
African Union added its censure by stating that the “Election process fell short
of accepted AU standards,”[16] while the Pan African
Parliamentary Mission concluded that “the current atmosphere prevailing in the
country did not give rise to the conduct of free, fair and credible elections,”
and called on the SADC leaders working together with the African Union to
“engage the broader political leadership in Zimbabwe into a transitional
negotiated settlement.”[17] The latter recommendation
reflected a growing unease within sections of the African community with the
Mbeki led mediation. Unsurprisingly the G8 leaders meeting in Japan declined to
“accept the legitimacy of any government that does not reflect the will of the
Zimbabwean people.”[18] After the sham run-off election
Mugabe was hastily inaugurated before going off to the AU heads of state meeting
in Egypt. He also began to send out the message that as he once again considered
himself the legally elected president he was willing to engage in a dialogue
with the MDC, something he refused to do before the election. At his
inauguration Mugabe thus initiated his post election strategy: The elections have come and gone
. . . it is my hope that sooner rather than later, we shall, as diverse
political parties, hold consultations towards such serious dialogue as will
minimize our differences and enhance the area of unity and cooperation.[19] Mugabe also sent out a clear
message to other African leaders before setting out to the AU conference in
Egypt, warning that he would not accept criticisms from leaders he considered
ill suited to judge him on the issue of democratic electoral standards. He
declared defiantly: Some African countries have done
worse things and when I go to the AU meeting I am going to challenge some
leaders to point out when we have had worse elections. I would like some African
leaders who are making these statements to point at me and we would see if those
fingers would be cleaner than mine.[20] This salvo was in response to
criticism from leaders like Raila Odinga, Kenya’s Prime Minister who in early
June had lambasted other African leaders for not criticising their counterpart
in Zimbabwe: It is my view that it is a big
embarrassment for Africa. It is hypocritical for African leaders to talk about
democracy and human rights and to be silent when these things are happening in
Zimbabwe.[21] 3.
The SADC Mediation and International
Pressures Since the SADC meeting in Zambia
called to discuss the aftermath of the March 29th election in Zimbabwe, there have been growing
differences within the region over the Zimbabwe question. Countries like Zambia,
Botswana and Tanzania have taken an increasingly critical stance on
Mugabe.
On June
25th 2008, a SADC Troika meeting called to
discuss the situation in Zimbabwe further revealed the differences in SADC.
While Angola declined to host the meeting it was eventually held in Swaziland
and attended by Mswati, Kikwete and the SADC Executive Secretary General. The
meeting noted that because of the violence and the charged political atmosphere
in the country the conditions in Zimbabwe were not conducive for holding the
election in an environment that “would be deemed free and fair.”[22] Fully aware of these differences
emerging in SADC Mugabe saw a threat to the future of the organization while
expressing his confidence in the mediation role of President Mbeki: We are surprised by what some
SADC leaders are saying. Some are even calling for President Mbeki to stop
current mediation efforts while others want him to be replaced. These reckless
statements being made by some SADC leaders could lead to the break- up of
SADC.[23] For his part President Mbeki has
sought to maintain his control over the mediation, under the auspices of SADC,
in the face of a great deal of criticism from the MDC and civil society groups
in Zimbabwe, sections of the ANC Alliance, certain countries within SADC and the
West. More specifically he has since the emergence of the quiet diplomacy policy
pushed for a government of national unity, preferably dominated by a reformed
Zanu PF, that he hoped would emerge out of a generally acceptable election
process. Mbeki has also been increasingly concerned about international
political players pushing what he views as their ‘regime change projects’ in
Zimbabwe. In his words: There are some farther afield
from us who choose to describe us as a so-called Rogue Democracy……because we
refuse to serve as their subservient klipgooiers against
especially President Robert Mugabe.[24] Certainly the pressure on his
mediation has increased substantially from several quarters since the March
29th election and the violence that ensued
and the sham presidential run-off in June. At an international level increasing
pressure from the USA and the UK pushed the issue on to the UN agenda supported
by the agreement at a G8 meeting in Japan to tighten sanctions against
Zimbabwe’s ruling elite and to press for the appointment of a special United
Nations envoy to Zimbabwe.[25] US President Bush labeled the
Presidential run-off “a sham”, while British Foreign
Secretary, in an attempt to enroll SA support for further sanctions against the
Mugabe regime, argued a more nuanced position against Mugabe: Robert Mugabe’s misrule does not
invalidate the struggle for independence; our colonial history does not mean we
cannot denounce what is wrong. The most difficult argument against promoting
democracy was the notion that democracy had to be homegrown and that it was
neither legitimate nor effective when promoted by outsiders.[26] The UN deputy-secretary general
Asha Rose Migiro also had harsh words for the Mugabe regime, noting that the
situation in Zimbabwe was the “single greatest challenge in southern Africa” not
only because of the terrible humanitarian consequences but also because of the
“dangerous political precedent it sets.”[27] In mid July an attempt to pass a
UN Security Council Resolution for sanctions against key leaders in the Mugabe
regime as well as to impose an arms embargo against the regime was vetoed by
China and Russia, supported by South Africa. The US Ambassador to the UN, Zalmay
Khalilzad was quite forthright in expressing his government’s displeasure with
the SA position noting that it was particularly disturbing, given the role that
international sanctions played in the democratization process in South Africa,
“for its representative to be protecting the horrible regime in Zimbabwe.” He
went on to note that thus far Mbeki’s mediation had “been a failure” and that he
was “out of touch with the trends in his own country.”[28] US Government spokesman Sean
McCormack further observed that the South African Government “has an increasing
awareness that the eyes of the world are not only on Zimbabwe, but also on
them.”[29] From within Zimbabwe the
relationship between MDC President Morgan Tsvangirai and Thabo Mbeki has for
long been one of distrust, and Tsvangirai made his suspicions of Mbeki known on
several occasions. In early June 2008 media reports emerged detailing a letter
written by Tsvangirai to Mbeki stating that the MDC saw Mbeki’s role as mediator
as “neither appropriate nor effective,” and that the MDC took exception to the
South African President’s position as “exclusive mediator.” The letter accused
Mbeki of not only being unable “to denounce the well documented post election
attacks on our people”, but also claimed that the South African government
played a role in the procurement of “weapons of repression” for the Mugabe
regime in the troubled post-election period.[30] While President Mbeki’s office
denied receiving the letter[31] and there were conflicting
responses from the MDC, the sentiments expressed exposed continuing tensions
between the Zimbabwean opposition and the SA Presidency. At the end of June
another report emerged in which Tsvangirai accused Mbeki of lobbying the African
Union to recognize Mugabe’s presidency.[32] By early July 2008 President
Mbeki was thus fighting to keep his mediation alive in the context of growing
tensions in SADC, increasing international pressure, critical voices from within
the ANC Alliance, distrust from the MDC and a recalcitrant and bellicose ruling
party in Zimbabwe relying more than ever on force to stay in power. However the
dispute over the UN Security Council vote allowed Mbeki to gather African
solidarity again as African states, having confirmed their support for the Mbeki
mediation and a government of national unity at the AU conference in Egypt,
largely stood by what was considered the African position of continued
negotiations under the SADC process. Once again the polarization between Africa
and the West, always a factor in the Zimbabwe crisis, reared its head and this
gave the South African President the momentum to push ahead with inter-party
talks in Zimbabwe. In mid July 2008 President Mbeki
tried to get Zanu PF and the two MDCs to sign an inter party agreement to pave
the way for power-sharing negotiations. A meeting arranged by Mbeki in Harare
was subsequently attended by Mugabe, Mutambara and Mbeki. At the last minute
Tsvangirai refused to attend the meeting on the basis that a number of
conditions for such negotiations to begin had not been met. These
included: · The immediate cessation of
violence and the withdrawal and disbanding of militia groups, paramilitary camps
and illegal road blocks. · The normalization of the
political environment, including the release of more than 1500 political
prisoners, cessation of political persecution and allowing the currently
besieged MDC leadership to conduct business and travel without
hindrance. · The reinstatement of access by
humanitarian organizations to the people of Zimbabwe in order to provide food,
medical and other critical services throughout the country. · Parliament must be sworn in and
begin working on the people’s business. · The mediation team is expanded to
include an AU envoy.[33] However notwithstanding these
demands, Tsvangirai, Mugabe and Mutambara met on the 21st July 2008 to sign a
Memorandum of Understanding brokered by President Mbeki, the culmination of over
a year of protracted mediation. The preamble of the MOU re-asserts “the
centrality and importance of African institutions in dealing with African
problems,” a direct response from Mbeki to what he perceived as undue pressure
from outside. The agreement also sets out, amongst other guidelines,
that: · The parties commit themselves to
a dialogue with each other “with a view to creating a genuine, viable, permanent
and sustainable solution to the Zimbabwean situation.” · During the course of the dialogue
the parties shall not “take any decisions that have a bearing on the agenda of
the Dialogue,” such as the convening of Parliament or the formation of a new
government. · The parties “will take all
necessary measures to eliminate all forms of political violence, including by
non-state actors, and to ensure the security of persons and
property.” · The parties “shall refrain from
using abusive language that may incite hostility, political intolerance and
ethnic hatred or undermine each other.” · The implementation of the
agreement shall be “underwritten and guaranteed by the Facilitator, SADC and the
AU.”[34] Additionally, and in order to
meet a growing demand from the MDC and other voices in SADC, the AU and the UN, a “reference
group” was set up to assist the mediation, including AU Commission Chair Jean
Ping, the UN Zimbabwe Envoy Haile Menkerios, and SADC Emissary George
Chikoti.[35] The signing of the MOU has been
the result of several factors. Firstly the March 2008 Harmonised Election made
it clear that both Mugabe and his ruling party have lost the support and
confidence of the majority of Zimbabweans. The violence that followed the
elections and illegitimate Presidential run-off that took place at the end of
June only confirmed this loss of electoral and political legitimacy on the part
of Zanu PF and its president. The election also showed the weakness of the
structures of the ruling party and corrosive effects of the on-going succession
battle in the party. Secondly, the growing criticisms
of Mugabe within SADC and the AU and their unwillingness for the first time to
support and provide solidarity for his presidential “victory’ provided Mugabe
with clear signals that his support base in the region and the continent had
declined. This has led to a growing reliance of Mugabe on Mbeki’s role in the
mediation. Thirdly the growing international pressure from the G8 and the UN,
provided further evidence to the Mugabe regime that its international isolation
was growing. Although there were divisions between the West and Africa on the
one hand, and the West and China and Russia on the other, the international
attention given to this issue placed more pressure on SADC to seek an African
solution to the Zimbabwean crisis. The fact that the EU renewed its targeted
sanctions against the members of the Zanu PF leadership in July 2008 is a
further reminder to the Mugabe regime that their future without a political
settlement would be bleak. Fourthly both MDC formations have long realized that
outside of taking hold of state power through an election process, their most
likely route to some share of power would be through a negotiated settlement. The
alternative of mass action to bring down the Mugabe regime has looked
increasingly improbable, notwithstanding the hopes and brave attempts of some
groups in the civic movement. Such actions have been an important part of the
struggle against Mugabe’s authoritarian rule, but the effectiveness of their
interventions have been increasingly undermined by a combination of ruthless
state repression and catastrophic economic decline that has weakened the public
sphere of political and civic activity. In view of these developments there
should be a cautious optimism around the possibility of the mediation producing
a political settlement in the country. There are no doubt serious
obstacles ahead, the most obvious of which is the continued capacity for
destructive politics on the part of the ruling party. Nevertheless a broader
process of accountability has been put in place for the current discussions and
this provides for more levers of pressure on the process. This does not
guarantee success but may provide a means to develop a broad consensus on those
forces in the process who seek to block progress. 1. Full support should be given to
the negotiations that have been initiated under the MOU signed on the 21st July 2008. 2. While the MOU has imposed tight
restriction on media access to the proceedings of the negotiation, the
facilitator should make considerable efforts to provide regular reports to the
public on the progress of the talks. Zimbabweans have already been kept in the
dark for too long since the SADC mediation began in 2007. 3. Although there are no
transitional justice questions specifically mentioned for discussion under the
MOU, Zimbabwean civil society groups must continue their advocacy on the dangers
of granting further immunity to those who have committed human rights abuses in
the post independence period. These charges relate largely to the abuses
committed by the Zimbabwean state. Thus a recent report by the Human Science
Research Council in South Africa recommending that the international community
“consider pushing for multilateral sanctions targeting both Zanu PF and the MDC
to desist from violence” is an absurd reading of the facts of violence in
Zimbabwe in the recent past. [36] Such questions must, in the near
future, be brought on to the political agenda in Zimbabwe. 4. In the event of Mugabe and his
party once again blocking the mediation process in the current round of
negotiations, · SADC should consider diplomatic
sanctions against the Mugabe regime. · A renewed process must be
initiated to bring UN sanctions against Zimbabwe’s ruling party. Political
violence: April to June 2008 In view of the recently signed
Memorandum of Understanding between Robert Mugabe, Morgan Tsvangirai and Arthur
Mutambara, and the agreement within this that political violence should stop
forthwith, it seems important to take stock of the violence that has occurred in
the last few months, and of the long term consequences and challenges that the
country now faces as a result. Section 10 of the MOU relates to
Security of persons, as follows:
(a) Each Party will issue a statement condemning the
promotion and use of violence and call for peace in the country and shall take
all measures necessary to ensure that the structures and institutions it
controls are not engaged in the perpetration of violence. (b) The Parties are committed to ensuring that the
law is applied fairly and justly to all persons irrespective of political
affiliation. (c) The Parties will take all necessary measures to
eliminate all forms of political violence, including by non-state actors, and to
ensure the security of persons and property. (d) The Parties agree that, in the interim, they will
work together to ensure the safety of any displaced persons and their safe
return home and that humanitarian and social welfare organisations are enabled
to render such assistance as might be required. This chapter of the report will
review the scale, intention and impact of the 2008 violence, which has occurred
within the context of a highly repressive and intolerant system of governance,
with a long history of beating and murdering political opponents. This goes back
to the colonial era, and was sadly perpetuated throughout the last nearly thirty
years in post independent Zimbabwe.[37] In view of the massive damage to
the community fabric and the national psyche that a hundred years of oppressive
government has done, a major challenge facing Zimbabweans today is that of
promoting “equality, national healing and cohesion, and unity” – one of the
primary aims bravely set out in the MOU. There have been false and flawed
attempts at unity in the past in Zimbabwe, but it is to be hoped that we stand
at a point in which a new opportunity may be presenting itself. However, the
road to recovery on every front in Zimbabwe will be rocky, and the violence of
the last three months has done immeasurable further damage to relationships and
communities across the nation. Halting the violence, applying
the law justly and ensuring the safe reincorporation of the displaced into
communities that have been murdering their own members - and continue to do so
to date
in some cases
- is going to be no simple matter, and will require the constant monitoring and
oversight of Zimbabwean civic groups and possibly of regional civic monitors at
grass roots level. While our understanding of the
2008 violence remains partial at this stage, this report incorporates a
substantial part of what is known nationally to date, and is reflective of its
scale and impact. This report incorporates
information from 3, 320 formal
interviews with victims of human rights
abuses conducted by health professionals and NGO staff across the country during
the last three months. In addition to this quantitative data, the authors
personally interviewed around 50 individuals for a more in depth understanding
of violence on the ground, as well as carrying out key informant interviews with
health professionals and civic activists. The data incorporates 618 April
interviews already used in our previous report, released on 21 May
2008.
This report
also draws on formal information now available relating to more than a further 2,600 individual
victims of human rights violations.
During the course of May and
June: · 289 victims sought medical and other help
for abuses dating back to April, and these reports have now been added in to the
original 618 April victim
reports, increasing the original April database by 47%.
· 1,364 victims sought medical
and other help during May, for abuses that took place in May. This excludes the people seeking
help for April abuses during May. · 1,049 victims had, by the end
of June, sought medical and other help for June abuses. This excludes those who sought
help in June for abuses occurring during either April or May. This gives the authors
provisional totals of victims as follows: April:
907 May:
1 364 June:
1 049 TOTAL:
3 320 It is our assumption based on the experience over the
last twelve weeks that the June victim figures will increase
by between 30% and 45% during the course of July and August, as victims
finally manage to access help (see section ahead on delays in accessing
treatment). Of the 1,049 cases from June,
there are 366 victims whose data has not yet been extensively entered into
database, owing to the sheer pressure of work that has been faced by those
processing the data over the last three months. All information pertaining to
June therefore understates by 30%
the scale of what has happened,
in terms of numbers of injuries/ perpetrators / types of offences – this is in
addition to the understatement owing to the time lag in seeking help.
What is clear is that the
violence escalated during May and remained intense throughout May and June. This
pattern differs from that observed in Zimbabwe during previous phases of
election violence: usually violence tapers off in the final fortnight before a
poll, to coincide with the arrival of international observers and journalists.
There was no such tapering off of violence in the weeks leading in to the
27th June poll, a fact which, together with
other conditions in the country, led to the withdrawal from the race of Morgan
Tsvangirai.
Post 27 June violence: In the weeks immediately
following the 27 June poll, violent assaults and ten political murders took
place, mainly in Mashonaland East, Manicaland and in Gokwe, with isolated
reports from other parts of the country. In the second week of July there were
reports of perceived MDC supporters being beaten and displaced in Mberengwa and
having livestock extorted from them in Masvingo. To date, in mid July, it is
obvious that violence has not entirely abated, and new violence related problems
have emerged which will be discussed separately ahead. 3.
Delays and difficulties of trying to access or deliver
health care
These 3,320 victims remain only a
fraction of those actually directly affected by violence, the majority of which
we believe have failed and may continue to fail to access appropriate medical
and other help, either because they are too afraid or too ill to seek help, or
do not have the resources to travel to major centres for help, or are unaware of
how and where to go for help. At the time of writing this
report in the second week of July, in the rural district of Gokwe in the north
Midlands province, several victims were actively being prevented from leaving
the rural district hospital to seek adequate medical attention in Harare. These
included 5 burn victims. Hospital staff were under instruction from an army
Major Mpofu who had commandeered control of the hospital, NOT to give any
treatment to these victims, and not to allow any access to them by anyone. A
Medicin Sans Frontier ambulance was held up for 18 hours and returned empty to
Harare, when it attempted to retrieve the most severely injured of these
victims.[38] This is an extreme and
reprehensible example of obstructive behaviour by the state, severely impinging
on the rights to health care – and possibly life - of already-tortured
individuals.
There have
been other reports over the last three months of road blocks in rural areas
preventing victims from being retrieved for medical attention. Victims affected by APRIL
violations: an evaluation of April cases in
which people managed to access care in either April, May or June shows the
following: i.
APRIL VICTIMS: presenting for help over three
months Charts i and ii show that a
sizable number of victims wait more than a week to access adequate health care,
with a small number going for more than two months before accessing such care.
Many of those who finally enter the private health care system in either Harare
or Bulawayo have often attended a clinic or hospital in their rural setting,
only to receive inadequate services. The authors have spoken to individuals with
fractures and severe wounds who have been treated in rural hospitals or clinics,
where there are no x-ray facilities, no Plaster of Paris and no antibiotics to
treat them. By the time they arrive in a major centre their injuries have been
complicated by the delay: bones start to bind crookedly, wounds become necrotic
and severe infections can set in, resulting in kidney failure among other
problems.
ii.
APRIL VICTIMS: seeking help in May or June - delay in
weeks Our experience since April
indicates that we can expect people who were injured both before and after 27
June to continue to enter the health care system throughout July, August and
even into September. Woman, aged 34, two children, from
Murewa, Mashonaland Central: (beaten, wounds poisoned and homestead burnt down.
Two weeks delay in accessing health care). On 10th June at night, 40 ZANU youths came to my
homestead. I am a known MDC activist and supporter. They forced me out of my hut
and made me lie down. They beat me with baton sticks for a long time. Then they
poured Paraquat on my wounds. (Paraquat is a
very poisonous weed killer, which if ingested can cause serious damage or
death). I went to the clinic where
they gave me paracetamol but I was in agony. I knew I had to get to town but had
no money. I sold my entire harvest to raise the bus fare, but this took me one
week. I came to Harare around the 17 June, to stay with my uncle. He did not
have money for me to go to the hospital. It took until the 24 June for somebody
to organise for me to come to this clinic. When I was in Harare I was told that
the ZANU youth had returned to my homestead and had burnt it to the
ground.
My children
are staying with my mother but I am worried about them. I have lost everything.
Ironically, it is often the
youngest and fittest of the tortured who manage to make their way out of remote
districts like Gokwe and Zaka to seek medical and other assistance. The authors
interviewed a young man from Gokwe who had been brutally tortured and had his
house burnt down during June, who managed to walk 60 km on his feet that had
been beaten for hours, in order to reach a point where he could catch a bus to
Bulawayo. He was hospitalised on arrival, but only a very strong young man would
have been capable of enduring such a journey on tortured feet. There are many needy victims who
cannot make such journeys and whose accounts of suffering we have yet to hear.
An important priority in the next month has to be to
gain access to those who may be injured in isolated parts of the country and in
need of medical attention. The state needs to facilitate and not hinder such
access. 4.
Difficulties and Dangers in trying to access
information and offer help The targeting of lawyers,
journalists, human rights defenders and health professionals continued and
intensified ahead of the June run off. There were several instances in which
lawyers in rural areas were arrested when they appeared at the courts to
represent others already in custody. Lawyer Eric Matinenga – who is also a
recently elected MDC MP - was arrested for “inciting violence” in Buhera on 31
May,[39] and in late June another lawyer,
Mr Jana, was similarly arrested. Several prominent human rights lawyers fled
Zimbabwe after receiving death threats and after realising they were under
surveillance. ZADHR reported on 26 June that
they were facing overwhelming numbers of victims and that the process of
“accurately recording, enumerating and analysing the data has been hampered by
the risk of harassment from government agencies or those acting in the name of
government”.
The large
numbers of victims seeking help for very severe injuries made it “impossible at
times to find enough beds for hospital admission, including space in ‘Intensive
Care’.”[40] Raids on the offices of
legitimate NGOs and their staff have continued, particularly in the wake of the
suspending of all humanitarian assistance by government. Such raids have been
reported into the post run off period, with the arrest in Gweru on 17 July of
the NANGO representative. Papers relating to political victims of violence were
seized in this raid. Journalists have remained highly
at risk and there have been several arrests of local journalists, and threats
against others. Documenting unfolding events remains a personally risky
enterprise in Zimbabwe.[41] 5.
Deaths and Enforced
Disappearances There have been 106 confirmed
political murders in the last three months. However, indications are that this
list will grow as more information comes to light. June has been the worst month
so far for murders, with 47. There have been 10 confirmed murders in the first
two weeks of July ie post the June poll. The Mashonaland rural provinces,
in particular Mashonaland East, have had the most murders, at 54% of all deaths,
followed by Harare (15%), Manicaland and Masvingo (12%) and Midlands (7%). There
have been no officially documented deaths in the Matabeleland provinces.
Of these deaths: · Two of the murdered were ZANU PF
supporting war veterans killed by MDC activists in Cashel Valley on 10
June.
· There are also unconfirmed
reports of a war vet killed in Gokwe immediately after the run off, allegedly by
MDC supporters (not included in current figures). · Two were ZANU PF officials shot
dead in Mutoko on 31 May allegedly by government agents, for reasons unclear
although it is believed to have been linked to local power struggles.
· The other 102 deaths – 96% - have
been of MDC supporters killed by ZANU PF supporters or state actors.
iii.
DEATHS by month, all
provinces iv.
DEATHS by Province, April, May,
June. · Among the 106 known dead are 14
women, one of whom was pregnant. The pregnant woman was beaten until she
miscarried and was then denied medical care until she bled to death. · Two children have also died in
political violence, one aged 4 and one aged 6; in both cases, involving separate
incidents, the children died when parents were attacked by ZANU militia and the
homes in which they were sleeping were burnt down. The most common form of murder in
every month was abduction followed by death: known activists
would be abducted from their homes, at road blocks or elsewhere and either be
very efficiently and quickly assassinated, as in the case of Tonderai
Ndira[42], or taken to a ZANU PF torture
base and tortured to death. Bodies of those witnessed to have been abducted were
found, often days or weeks later, thrown aside in farmland or near to the
activists’ homes. Many bore signs of horrible and painful deaths. Enforced disappearances There are possibly scores of
activists who are known to have been abducted and who have not been seen since,
and the authors fear that at least some of the missing are dead and either
buried in shallow graves or rotting in the open. The true scale of how many are
missing will only become clear in the course of the next year, as many of these
activists may turn up – in Johannesburg, having fled the country, or in other
rural districts within Zimbabwe where they may have escaped for
safety.
However, some
may well not turn up. Indications of this are that in the days immediately
following the 27 June poll, there were reports of corpses being dropped off by
police riot trucks at Parirenyatwa hospital morgue in Harare. These unconfirmed
reports by staff at the hospital refer to 13 such bodies. There have been other
unconfirmed reports of bodies believed to be political murder victims being
dropped off at other hospitals around the country.[43] This alleged disposal of corpses
can be seen as coinciding with the closure of some of the ZANU base camps in the
wake of the run off. Tonderai Ndira, abducted and
murdered on 14 May 2008 was only found a week later after a tip off that a
corpse that might be him was lying in a Harare hospital morgue along with other
paupers’ bodies. The corpse was subsequently identified as Tonderai, but only by
virtue of his unusual height and his bracelet, as the face was so disfigured by
maggots. It may well be the intention of the state to drop the bodies of the
politically murdered off in public morgues hoping that they will eventually and
anonymously be buried in paupers’ graves. An interview by the authors with
an activist who was held and tortured over several days on a farm north of
Harare, further indicates there have been more murdered than we can yet account
for. The interviewee was publicly whipped at ZANU rallies in MDC supporting
areas over the last weekend before the run off, as a deliberate lesson on how
the state treats the MDC leadership. At one point he was locked into a room on a
farm with two rotting corpses and another victim, who was shot in both legs and
barely still alive. The interviewee has no idea of the identity of these other
three victims.[44] Many of these abductions followed
by slow or quick execution fit the criteria for enforced disappearances, a
particularly pernicious form of extra judicial killing with very severe long
term consequences for families and communities. Families are left without
closure, being thus deprived of the basic human right to mourn their dead, and
the possibility of being forcibly vanished strikes terror into the hearts of
communities. In Matabeleland, where enforced disappearances may affect as many
as one in four families, the unburied dead continue to cause problems for the
living.[45] Precisely because of the vicious
implications of enforced disappearances, and the impunity for perpetrators that
accompanies it, a new Convention for the
Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearances
is in the process of ratification
by United Nations Member States. It is unfortunate that this Convention has not
yet been ratified by the required number of nations to make it internationally
enforceable, but nonetheless the authorities of Zimbabwe can and should be held
accountable for the more than one hundred extra judicial killings, which include
some enforced disappearances, that have taken place in 2008. The impunity with which people
perceived to support the political opposition have been murdered, points to an
official policy of the state. Enforced disappearances: last seen in
1985 This pattern of abduction
followed by assassination has not been common in Zimbabwe in the last ten years.
However it was prevalent during the 1980s Gukurahundi killings in Matabeleland,
particularly in 1985. People in Matabeleland have commonly reported that, ahead
of the 1985 general election, key leaders in their communities were taken by
trucks with no number plates in the middle of the night and those people have
never been seen again.[46] Interestingly, it was Emmersen
Mnangagwa who was head of the CIO in 1985, and it is Mnangagwa who is allegedly
driving the policy of JOC at this time. 6.
Impunity for ZANU, Arrests for
MDC The Parties are committed to ensuring that the law is
applied fairly and justly to all persons irrespective of political affiliation.
[MOU, 10.1 (B)] In comparison, there are very few
ZANU PF militia, war veterans or army members in jail, even though it is clear
that many thousands of these have been directly responsible for murder,
abduction, gang rape and brutal torture. More than 90% of the violence has in
fact been perpetrated by the state or on behalf of the ruling party.
Arrests of MPs – a way of undermining opposition
majority in the House of Assembly The recent charging of Tendai
Biti with treason on the basis of an allegedly forged document falls within this
pattern, as does the apparent policy to arrest and charge at least ten
opposition MPs with crimes in order to neutralise the opposition majority in the
House of Assembly. Apart from Biti’s arrest, the
following MPs have been arrested: Mischeck Shoko, MP for
Chitungwiza South; Trevor Saruwaka, MP for Mutasa Central; Shuwa Mudiwa, MP for
Mutare West; Amos Chibaya, MP for Mkoba; Heya Shoko, MP for Bikita West];
Eliah Jembere, MP for Epworth; Naison Nemadziwa, MP for Buhera South; Eric
Matinenga, MP for Buhera West; Ian Kay, MP for Marondera Central; Norman
Mpofu, MP for Bulilima East. Two senators have been arrested: John Masaba,
Senator for Kariba; Lutho Tapera, Senator for Bulilima-Mangwe. A further 6 MPs
are in hiding because they are wanted by the police: Pearson Mungofa, MP for
Highfield East; Shepherd Mushonga, MP for Mazowe Central; Elton Mangoma, MP for
Makoni North; Pineal Denga, MP for Mbare; Broadwin Nyaude, MP for Bindura
South; Edmore Marima, MP for Bikita East.[49] In terms of the Constitution
Sections 41, 42, and 43, an MP sentenced for six months or more for a criminal
offence loses his Seat. The MDC majority in parliament is only ten seats at the
moment, so finding MDC MPs spuriously guilty and forcing by-elections is one way
of ZANU trying to regain their majority in the House.[50] The beginning of the end of
impunity? The impunity for ZANU PF
perpetrators was total during the run off period, although since then, there are
isolated reports of ZANU PF youth and war veterans being arrested for offences.
· There have been arrests of some
of the war veterans responsible for the life threatening assaults on Ben Freeth
and the Campbells, commercial farmers in Mashonaland Central who were abducted
and beaten in late June. · In Plumtree in Matabeleland a
magistrate found a war veteran guilty of stock theft on 17 July and sentenced
him to nine years in jail, after he admitted to killing a beast to feed himself
and others at a war vet base in the district.[51] The accused openly admitted to
the theft, believing that the magistrate would exonerate him because he was on
“national duty” at the time, but apparently the moment of impunity has passed in
the eyes of some magistrates at least. · In Masvingo, there are also
reports that the police are now arresting those who have damaged or stolen
property during the run off period, in the name of politics.[52] · In Bulawayo on 21 July, nine ZANU
supporters from Bubi were charged with public violence and damage to property
after evicting MDC supporters from their resettlement area and forcing them to
dismantle their homestead. One of the accused women fainted in the dock: people
are shocked to discover that the protection of the state has – in some instances
- evaporated. · There are unspecified reports of
similar arrests beginning to take place in Mashonaland. Thus it seems that there is a
trickle of arrests and convictions of those responsible for politically
motivated property theft and damage – although so far these seem to be happening
in areas where there were fewer offences and possibly therefore more reluctance
by state actors to commit violence in the first place. The phenomenon of war
vets and militia commandeering and slaughtering the cattle, goats and chickens
of alleged MDC supporters, has been widely reported over the last three months,
and it is to be hoped that this first conviction of stock theft will open the
way for others. However, in other parts of the
country post poll reports continue to come in of livestock theft with impunity.
It is reported that in Zaka and Gutu in Masvingo province, youth militia are
maintaining their bases and are extorting goats as “fines” from MDC supporters
who left the area to escape persecution and who are now returning.[53] More seriously, there have been
very few reported arrests for the one hundred plus murders, or for the thousands
of cases of assault and torture by ZANU PF supporters, in spite of almost every
victim being able to name at least some of their persecutors. And while it is
important to lay charges against those who at village level have carried out
heinous crimes against their neighbours, it would be of great significance if
those senior army officers, MPs and others who incited and gave impunity to
these crimes at the time were also made accountable. Government has an urgent responsibility to send out a
strong message that murder, assault, theft and destruction of property will not
be condoned and perpetrators must be arrested and charged irrespective of their
affiliations or seniority. The
Violence In our 21 May report, we outlined
the role being played by the Joint Operational Command (JOC) - the combined
forces of the police, army, prisons and CIO - in fomenting and directing much
of the violence nationwide. In April, there was a recognisable pattern of key
individuals, often high ranking members of the police and army, who would go
into an area and set up and spearhead patterns of violence and establish bases
of youth militia and war veterans. · In May and June there was a clear
falling off of the direct role played by JOC in the actual day to day
implementation of violence. The violence appeared to become self perpetuating
without the daily oversight of JOC. · Youth militia became the
overwhelmingly most common perpetrators of violence, particularly in the north
and east of the country. · The army remained the major
perpetrator within JOC, being responsible for 9% of violence and for 51% of
violence involving JOC. · JOC was responsible for 17% of
violence, or one in six incidents. · JOC and specific individuals in
JOC have continued to play key roles in overseeing and orchestrating the
violence.[54] · The combined ZANU PF paramilitary
forces of youth militia, war vets and supporters accounted for 82% of
violence · The MDC/other accounted for 1% of
violence. ZANU PF Members of Parliament:
Victims have continued to report
ZANU-elect MPs as being among those either inciting violence or even undertaking
it. Paddington Sibanda, the ZANU- elect MP for Goromonzi, is alleged to have
personally whipped an MDC council candidate from his area at Bora Shopping
Centre on 22 June. Foreign soldiers: there have been
disturbing reports of foreign soldiers from north Africa, who cannot speak any
local language and who have been involved in committing acts of violence in
Manicaland during June and into July. Who these people are and what they are
doing has not been confirmed at this time.[55] vi.
PERPETRATORS: all months and
provinces vii. PERPETRATORS showing JOC and ZANU groupings, all
months and provinces 2.
Scale and
geographical spread of the violence The violence has remained centred
throughout this time in the north and east of Zimbabwe, in particular in
Mashonaland East and Central. · In Mashonaland Central,
Muzarabani, Hurungwe and Mazowe have been worst affected · In Mashonaland East, the
districts of Mudzi, Mount Darwin and Mutoko have been worst affected, with
Uzumba and Muramba Pfungwe also badly affected. · Violence in the three Mashonaland
provinces and Harare account for 77% of all violence reported to date.
· While there have been slightly
more reports of violations from the three Matabeleland provinces (8%) than from
Manicaland (7%), an evaluation of the types of violations being reported
from Matabeleland shows that the majority of people there have been displaced
owing to threats, with comparatively few cases of severe assault, whereas in
Manicaland there have been 13 murders and many cases of serious
assault.
Manicaland
has clearly been affected by worse and more systematic violence than
Matabeleland.[56] · Midlands has
reported
5% of
violence. Gokwe and Mberengwa have been the worst affected areas and again,
events in this province have been dramatically under reported. At times, large
parts of Gokwe have been no-go areas and only a comparative handful of people
have managed to escape from the area and seek help. Much of Mberengwa is also
remote and requires arduous stretches of walking to access transport out of the
area.
· Masvingo has reported 3% of
violence – but eye witness reports from those who have managed to leave the area
indicate that Zaka and Gutu have large numbers of victims who have failed to
reach help. viii. VIOLENCE by province, April, May,
June · In Matabeleland, the worst
affected areas have been Lupane and Bubi in Matabeleland North, with Nkayi and
Tsholotsho reporting isolated incidents. Insiza, Gwanda North and Matobo have
been worst affected in Matabeleland South. · Bulawayo itself has been
relatively unscathed, apart from a few political beatings in Sauerstown in June,
and the arrest and beatings of a few students during a protest. There were also
21 WOZA women involved in a peaceful march who were arrested and some injured
during May. One person reported being abducted to a house in Suburbs and beaten.
The violence escalated during the
first weeks of May, and has remained intense since then, with some indication of
levels reducing during July. However, violence in Manicaland and the Midlands
has continued in the post election period. Harare/Chitungwiza During May and June there was a
notable shift in the violence in Harare. · Youth militia bases were set up
across the city, including for the first time beyond the boundaries of the so
called high density suburbs, where the majority of people live. The low and
medium density suburbs also became victims of youth militia and war vet
activity, including Chisipite, an up market suburb. · Epworth in Harare became the
centre of much violence targeting the MDC, including burning down of houses and
beatings. · There was a series of targeted
abductions and murders of key activists in Harare and Chitungwiza, and those who
miraculously survived such abductions reported that they had been told of death
lists, which included some who were subsequently abducted and killed.
· Apart from abductions, several
brutal murders took place, again targeting high ranking officials in the MDC.
The wife of an elected councillor in Harare South and their 6 year old child
were burnt to death when their house was set alight by ZANU PF supporters.
· The wife of the MDC mayor-elect
for Harare was abducted along with their four year old child; she was killed and
the child was dumped at a local police station. · Four activists defending the home
of an elected councillor in Chitungwiza, including his son, were abducted after
a clash at the home with ZANU militia. All four had been murdered by the next
day. · There were visibly high levels of
armed, uniformed forces on the streets of Harare during May and June, and a
palpable air of insecurity. · A plaster cast became a badge of
liability: the thugs patrolling the streets assumed that any young person with a
broken limb must be an MDC activist who had already been beaten up, and this
meant they should be beaten up again. · While some of the Harare bases
have been demobilised during July, this has reportedly resulted in gangs of
youth who are angry at being abandoned without their promised rewards from the
state, leading at times to criminal behaviour and violence. The
Strategy The pattern of targeting most
viciously those areas that have previously always been considered strong holds
of ZANU PF was continued through May and June.[57] In areas in Mashonaland East and
Central in particular, wards and villages that had shown a high MDC vote were
mercilessly targeted, in what can be seen as both a policy of punishment for
“betraying” ZANU, and a pre-emptive strike ahead of the run off, to turn back
the tide that was clearly shifting towards Tsvangirai. Manicaland and parts of
Masvingo and the Midlands also suffered intense violence. For the first time, Harare became
literally under siege in places, as the state struck at the heart of MDC
support. The previous section outlines some of the Harare violence. There was a
clear strategy in Harare to target its leadership and key grassroots activists,
particularly those organisers who could have been expected to have created
problems for the state by mobilising resistance in the event of a contested
outcome to the run-off. There were consistently reported death lists, and
targeted abductions and assassinations robbed the MDC of several key organisers
on these lists. The public visibility of the MDC was, in a few short weeks and
in stark contrast to the March election, reduced almost to nil. Even hardened
MDC activists resorted to wearing ZANU PF regalia or displaying it in their
vehicles in the interests of self preservation and to ensure safe passage at
road blocks. MDC rallies were banned, its top leadership was arrested and
ultimately the President of the MDC was forced to seek safety in the Dutch
embassy in Harare. The party was effectively unable to meet or organise in any
way, with virtually their entire structures in Harare in hiding and on the run.
It became impossible to coordinate any kind of election campaign across the
nation, with the party in such disarray in the capital. 3.
Targeting of Leadership and Election
Officials The policy of targeting those in
the MDC who held positions in party structures continued. In Matabeleland in
particular this policy was noted: out of 144 people in Matabeleland North and
South reporting displacement as a result of assaults or repeated threats, 57 or
40% held leadership positions in MDC structures. Thus, although Matabeleland was
comparatively unscathed in terms of serious injuries and in terms of the scale
of displacements, the MDC was nonetheless rendered barely functional in some
districts and wards, by the displacement of entire political structures.
· 18% of all victims nationwide
(538) held leadership positions in their communities · A further 1,282 or 43% of victims
claimed simple MDC affiliation · 178 people or 6% of all victims
had been a polling agent or an observer in the March election · 1% of victims were affiliated to
civic society, primarily WOZA · A large number of victims were of
unclear affiliation. These victims were all victimised by ZANU PF supporters of
some kind, but did not rate their own affiliation one way or another
sufficiently high for it to be noted by interviewers. · 1% of victims claimed ZANU PF
affiliation. Of the 14 people claiming such affiliation, 2 claimed to have been
attacked by ZANU PF and 12 by MDC. 4.
“Operation Tsuronegwenzi” – “attack both the hunted
and those who shelter them” ZANU PF had a recognisable policy
of attacking not just key people in MDC leadership, but also of targeting their
families and those who sheltered them. A Midlands activist mentioned that in
their area the ZANU PF leadership were referring to this policy by the specific
Shona term “Operation Tsuronegwenzi”. It has been fairly unusual in Zimbabwe
during the violence of the last eight years for families of the wanted to be
specifically hunted down in the way that has occurred in recent months. The
ruthless murder and beatings of wives and even children of MDC activists who may
themselves have gone into hiding, has been a new and terrible phenomenon.
Entire families not just of MDC
members, but of civic activists, were sought out in rural areas and beaten
and/or had homesteads burnt down. The horrific murder of Dadirayi Chipiro in
Mhondoro drew world attention: she was the wife of the local MDC chairperson,
and when ZANU PF youth could not find him, they beat her, chopped off her hand
and foot, and then threw her into a burning hut, where she died. This pattern of
targeting families has created massive guilt and anger for activists whose
families have suffered as a result of their activities. Here is the account of a
25 year old council candidate from rural Mashonaland: When I was in hospital [with a
broken vertebra after days of beatings] they broke down my house, which was my
parents’ house which I inherited. Even my door frames have been taken away. They
demanded that I come back or they would destroy my family. When I did not come
back, they went to my uncle’s house and broke that up too. He is not even
politically active. I am feeling very afraid. If I go home, even talking to my
relatives is a crime. Life is very difficult for me now. I am very confused
about the future. [Interview, Harare, 4 July]
There were several reports of
families being taken hostage in order to force the wanted family member to
return to an area. Targeting families of activists is a very effective way of
undermining people’s commitment to the struggle for democracy. An activist may
be willing to risk his own life and limbs, but is he prepared to risk those of
his entire family, including their property? It is possible for one person to
live on the run, but much more complicated to displace an entire family, with
school going children or infants. ix.
AFFILIATION of victims: all provinces, April, May,
June A few cases in which families/ caretakers of the
“hunted” have been attacked: · 7 of the 102 MDC dead are wives
of activists · 3 of the dead are sons of
activists – two of these were small children · In the death of Taurai Zindomba -
who died after he was axed open and his intestines were pulled out with barbed
wire – two of his brothers were seriously beaten and injured · In two instances in Makoni, both
husbands and wives were beaten to death · Joshua Bakacheza was abducted and
murdered while trying to move the widow of Tonderai Ndira to a safe
house · Temba Muronde died after being
assaulted, given rat poison and finally being axed. His wife was also beaten.
5.
Operation “How to Vote” and “Red
Finger” As the run off election
approached, it became clear that voters were going to be unable to express a
free vote. During the weeks running up to the election, people were rounded up
for forced “education” in voting for ZANU PF only, and not for the puppet
Tsvangirai. Those people known to be active in MDC were warned that their names
were already on lists of those who had to make assisted votes, on grounds of
being illiterate. This meant being forced to ask the election officials and the
police to place the ‘X’ on the ballot. Headmen were also given lists of all the
registered voters that they would be responsible for, and villagers were told
they would have to line up in that given order to vote, and were told
(nonsensically) that this would make it possible to know how people had voted.
In some areas, they were told to write down the last two digits of their ballot
paper on their hand, to submit to their headman after the vote, so that their
precise vote could be traced back afterwards. In a polling station where only a
few hundred votes are cast, it would indeed have been possible using this system
to check who had dared to vote for MDC in this intimidating
environment.
Even after the pull out from the
run-off by Tsvangirai, ZANU PF remained fixated on the need for a large voter
turnout so that Mugabe could win by a “landslide”. There was therefore
widespread intimidation before the vote saying that afterwards there would be
door to door searches to establish who had voted by looking for the “red finger”
– proof that you had dipped your finger in indelible ink in a voting booth. In
the event, this operation remained more of a threat than a reality: there were
some accounts of people being beaten in the two days post election for not
having a red finger, but these were isolated. However, fear of not having a red
finger had the desired impact of forcing thousands of people to go and vote who
by choice would have boycotted the vote. 6.
Matabeleland Less than 10% of all violations
have been reported in these three provinces, and these have mainly taken the
form of people being displaced after repeated threats and being forced to attend
intimidatory rallies and all night meetings. · Matabeleland has not had the
phenomenon of large numbers of youth militia undertaking mob violence. This has
not been reported at all. · War vets have in fact remained
the top perpetrator group in Matabeleland, which has also reported higher levels
of army and JOC involvement than the national average. · Youth militia have been engaged
in violence and intimidation, but in small numbers and usually playing a
subsidiary role to war vets. An exception to this has been West Nicholson in
Matabeleland South, where youth have effectively taken over this small business
centre and where there were a few brutal assaults. (See photo 7). · In Matabeleland the police and
some traditional leaders have remained opposed to violence. · Mugabe does not consider
Matabeleland a stronghold and has possibly washed his hands of winning large
numbers of votes here which may explain the fact the region has escaped the
worst of the current violence. · There have been areas of trouble,
including Bubi and Insiza where there are numbers of resettled farmers and also
ruthless ZANU PF MPs – namely Obert Mpofu and Andrew Langa. · Lupane, Gwanda and Matobo also
reported violence from specific areas. · Maize has been and continues to
be used as a political weapon, with only ZANU PF supporters accessing government
maize sales at times in Insiza, Matobo and Gwanda. People were told before the
vote on 27 June that only those with red fingers on the following Monday would
be placed on food lists, and those without red fingers would not get maize
again. Maize was ostentatiously displayed on 26 June in business centres in
Insiza and Mbembeswana with the above warning being given to villagers.
Humanitarian crisis The worst problem facing this
region at the moment is extreme hunger, as there was a 90% crop failure in these
provinces, and the government ban on humanitarian relief is causing real
suffering in this region. By 20 July many residents of Bulawayo were resorting
to buying chicken feed and stock feed by the cup, and grinding this into
porridge, in the total absence of affordable maize! People throughout the region
now live from one day to another in terms of food, and frequently have entire
days without eating. It is noted that in terms of the
MOU, “humanitarian and social welfare organisations [should
be] enabled to render such assistance as might be required.” Such assistance is urgently required in the form of
food aid in much of Zimbabwe and this needs to roll out as quickly as possible.
It is further noted that political abuse of access to food should not take
place, and there is a need to stringently monitor access to government supplied
food in particular in this regard. The Victims:
ages, violations, injuries Large numbers of children
particularly infants have been adversely affected by the violence, some directly
beaten, others ill as a result of weeks of displacement and sleeping rough: 10%
of all those seeking medical help were under 10 years old. · 211 of those seeking medical help
after either beatings or more often illness owing to displacement were aged
under 3 years – 7%. · A further 77 were aged 4 to 10
years old – 3%. · 113 were aged 11 to 20 years –
4% · 177 victims were aged over 60,
and some of these suffered extremely severe injuries including multiple
fractures, which are difficult to heal at that age. · 80% of the victims were aged
between 21 and 60. The impact of being beaten,
witnessing beatings of parents and of being displaced from your home and
schooling have been serious and will have long term implications for affected
families. Some families have had their homes burnt down and the hardship that
this has resulted in will endure for time to come considering the context of
total economic meltdown in which Zimbabwe now is. UNICEF issued a strong statement
on 27 May with regard to the plight of Zimbabwean children who had been
displaced both internally and to South Africa: “Today many who fled violence and
economic turmoil in their own country, and have sought refuge in South Africa,
now find themselves under attack. As always, it is children who are caught in
the middle of this – those frightened and now homeless in South Africa, or the
thousands in Zimbabwe who have seen their homes burnt and parents beaten, others
who have been beaten themselves. This cannot continue…. It is vital that our
UNICEF programme in Zimbabwe continues to reach all the children who require
assistance. Presently this is not the case, and it is exacerbated by the fact
that so many have been forced into hiding with their parents, away from the
education and health care that is their right.”[58] x.
AGES of victims, all provinces, April, May,
June 2.
Types of violation and resulting
injuries While violence in election
periods has become standard, it was remarkable that the violence did not abate
this time in the final fortnight, which has been the usual pattern. Both
beatings and murders continued in a way that showed recklessness and a grossly
cruel disregard both for the citizens of Zimbabwe and also for international
opinion – including SADC opinion – right up to the day of the vote, and beyond.
With violence occurring in Harare itself, as opposed to in the more remote rural
areas seldom visited by observers, even observer teams that Mugabe has been able
to rely on in the past to turn a blind eye to election violence were this time
not able to do so. SADC, the AU and the Pan African Parliament all condemned the
election on the grounds of the blatant violence, among other
issues.
Injuries have been very severe:
and it must be noted that over 300 of the cases included in this report do not
as yet have medical findings databased. This means that all figures relating to
types of violation and injuries sustained are understated. · 252 fractures have been
treated · 163 cases of falanga – beating on
the soles of the feet – have been treated. This is a very serious form of
torture with long term health consequences for people, leaving them with sore
feet possibly for life. [see photo 8] · 450 people have reported partial
or total loss of their property to political violence · 1798 assaults were reported of
which 75% involved the use of weapons, usually sticks, but including iron bars,
barbed wire, knives · 420 reports of torture were
recorded, including being burnt with burning grass or plastic bags (12); being
submerged in water either to induce severe cold and to increase the pain of
being assaulted or to induce temporary suffocation (20); being restrained and/or
blindfolded (89). · 309 people reported abductions
and 109 were detained · 8 gun shot wounds (GSW) were
treated · There were literally thousands of
reports of soft tissue damage of different types, including haematomas, welts,
bruising, swelling, lacerations and abrasions. These varied from mild injuries
to very severe. [see photo 5] · There were 205 head injuries
treated: all head injuries are potentially serious and can leave long term
damage, including loss of eye sight, minimal brain damage, neck injuries.
Visible injuries are only one
aspect of the terrible damage that has been done to people’s bodies and lives.
People face permanent disability and disfigurement, and huge psychological and
social consequences of the recent violence. (See Healing the Community Fabric
ahead).
There have been a handful of
women who have reported that they have been raped, but so far official rape
cases number probably fewer than ten. However, there are reports from
men and from women who deny rape themselves, that gang rape has been widespread
in some bases in Mashonaland and Manicaland. There is a huge stigma attached to
admitting rape: women are afraid their husbands will reject them if they admit to it,
so it may take many months for these reports to trickle in, possibly once such
women have advanced venereal diseases and have to seek medical support, for
example. However there are media reports of women who have described gang rape
and some such cases on official medical record.[59] In view of the now well
established pattern of impunity, it is not surprising - although it is
regrettable - that MDC activists have at times taken justice into their own
hands, and have meted out retaliatory assaults and hut burnings. To the authors’
knowledge, these attacks have always been reprisals and this is one of the
dangers of impunity: when victims know that the police will refuse to act on
their behalf, it may eventually lead to “justice” being delivered violently by
those who have been victimised in the first place. In Lupane in Matabeleland North,
Governor Mathuthu gave a highly inflammatory speech at a rally there shortly
before the June run off, inciting hatred against MDC supporters. This Gomoza
area of Lupane had been subjected to months of such intimidatory rallies and
dozens of senior MDC activists had been displaced into Bulawayo as a result of
repeated face to face threats and the circulation of lists of those to be beaten
and have their homes burnt down. After this June rally, ZANU war veterans and
supporters sought out known MDC leadership and assaulted them. Within hours, MDC
supporters organised themselves and retaliated. The day ended with several
severe injuries both for MDC and for ZANU PF. At least two ZANU PF supporters
were hospitalised, one for a broken arm. Similarly, in Gwanda North in
Matabeleland, there were two incidents in May in which violence by ZANU PF war
veterans led to the burning down of their base camps, one in Sibhula and one at
Nyandeni. In the Nyandeni incident, an MDC supporter and his wife were severely
beaten by ZANU PF war vets, resulting in loss of consciousness and a broken neck
vertebra for the wife. xi.
TYPES of violation, all provinces, April, May,
June xii. INJURIES treated: all provinces, April, May,
June Within hours of these victims
being taken to hospital, MDC supporters approached the war vet base responsible
for the beatings, and severely beat two ZANU PF supporters there, resulting in
their hospitalisation - and they also burnt down the house being used as a base.
On the same day, the war vet base at Sibhula was destroyed, also after violence
against MDC supporters. In both instances, the ZANU PF bases had subjected the
surrounding communities to weeks of intimidation and had coerced or stolen
livestock and maize from the starving villagers. The problems being caused by
these bases had been reported to the local police, who had said that they were
powerless to intervene. More than 60 MDC supporters were
arrested in Matabeleland in relation to these incidents, although 10 of these
have recently been released after the Magistrate in Gwanda said the state had
failed to bring any evidence linking them to the alleged offences.[60] There have also been reports of
reprisal violence by MDC in Mudzi and Mazowe in Mashonaland and in Buhera in
Manicaland and in Zaka in Masvingo. However, the reprisal attacks amount to a
fraction of the assaults, murders and destruction of property by ZANU PF
supporters in these same areas. There is an urgent need for a
return to an impartial rule of law, to prevent both the political victimisation
of Zimbabweans and to prevent such victims retaliating in the face of police
inaction. The cycle of violence with impunity must be broken now, if the talks
currently underway are to produce anything positive. Challenges of
the present and the future 1.
Putting the genie back into the
bottle In the immediate wake of the 27
June poll, in some areas the order did seem to go out for youth militia and war
vet bases to dismantle. However, this does not seem to have been a consistent
nationwide instruction, as the violence has undoubtedly continued, particularly
in Manicaland – where there have been five post election murders – and also
Mashonaland East, Masvingo and parts of the Midlands. In some areas, war vets and
militia appear to be defying orders to disband. There is reportedly wide spread
disgruntlement among those who have perpetrated mass violence on behalf of the
ruling party in return for promises of money, maize and educational
opportunities, only to find that these promises are not being fulfilled. Youth
militia and war vets have vowed to remain in their bases in some areas until
they receive what they have been promised.[61] In Harare, reports have been
received that disgruntled bands of youth who have been thrown out of camps are
now roaming the suburbs and resorting to straightforward criminal violence, as
opposed to political violence. Ordinary citizens have reported being mugged and
having their jackets, trousers and groceries stolen by such gangs in the first
weeks of July.[62] Over the last three months,
youth militia have been able to beat and steal with impunity and now that they
are effectively being abandoned by the very state that gave them this licence,
it is not surprising if such youth are turning to violent crime as a means of
survival. There have also been reports of
violent clashes between rival ZANU PF supporting groups. In mid July war vets
and youth militia clashed in Mbare in Harare, fighting over who should receive
flea market stands promised by the government during the election run off. The
pattern of using violence to take what you want has been encouraged by the state
and more such incidents are likely. Zimbabweans currently have to
live with the fact that it can be easier to unleash and encourage violence than
to rein it in. We note that in terms of the MOU, it has been agreed
that: Each Party will issue a statement
condemning the promotion and use of violence and call for peace in the country
and shall take all measures necessary to ensure that the structures and
institutions it controls are not engaged in the perpetration of violence.
The Parties will take all
necessary measures to eliminate all forms of political violence, including by
non-state actors, and to ensure the security of persons and property. The police in Zimbabwe, if given the instruction to
do so, could certainly bring the situation back under control to a large degree,
simply by deploying trucks to a few of the more problematic areas and arresting
and charging these gangs of youth and war vets. We recommend that this is done
forthwith. We further recommend that independent monitors both
national and regional, to be placed on the ground to improve the likelihood of a
return to non violence.
2.
Healing the community
fabric We the Parties to this Memorandum of
Understanding... · Dedicat[e] ourselves to putting an end to the
polarisation, divisions, conflict and intolerance that have characterised our
country’s politics; · Determine[d] to build a society free of violence,
fear, intimidation, hate, patronage, corruption and founded on justice,
fairness, openness, transparency, dignity and equality…. These words to which our national
leadership have signed up are fine ones, but in reality rebuilding shattered
human relations is likely to take generations. The community fabric has been
devastated by the violence of the last three months – and by the repression of
the decades before this. The authors have not spoken to a single victim who
could not name at least some of their perpetrators. Much of the violence has
been community based, and has set neighbour upon neighbour and even family
members against one another. The authors spent some time in
safe houses asking victims how they would feel about returning to live side by
side with the very people who had burnt down their homes and shattered their
limbs. Here are typical responses, from interviews on 26 June: 65 year old man, from Chiweshe: broken hand and broken
leg “In less than one hour they
destroyed my life. Look at my right hand. It will never be strong again, it will
always hurt me and I will never work in the field the way I used to. Just less
than an hour of beating and my life is ruined. They must be arrested and then I
can reconcile. The police know who to arrest. It is the base commander, it is
the ZANU chairman, it is others we all know who were behind the violence, they
must be arrested.” 48 year old man, from Mount Darwin: broken leg and
arm, house burnt down “I have lost everything. How can
I go back in winter and live there with no blankets, when the people who burnt
down my house still live there and they have blankets? I want compensation. They
must give me their things because I lost everything when they burnt my house –
my bed, clothes, pots. I know who they are, some of the ring leaders, they are
my neighbours. How can I just go back and live there as if nothing happened.
Aaah no! I can go back, but they must pay.” 32 year old man from Epworth, broken arm and leg,
tuckshop and house burnt down “They said I got my money from
MDC, from Britain, and that is why they should burn it down. I have never got
one cent from MDC! Do you know how hard I have worked for all these years to try
and support my wife and child? I have never got anything from anyone and now I
have lost everything. In Zimbabwe these days, how do you start with nothing?
What am I going to do? I don’t know what to do now. I don’t have a passport or
maybe I could leave. They must be punished. If they do not go to jail, then I
will take revenge. I will revenge on them. The authors – who realistically
fear that some kind of impunity deal will be struck in the next few weeks which
will forever remove the possibility of the deeply desired justice for victims -
asked whether some kind of truth telling process at the local level would help,
a gathering of the community in which those who beat and destroyed would be made
to admit their crimes and ask forgiveness, in front of community leaders, for
example. This question was answered with disbelief and contempt! This is an absolutely standard
reply from all those interviewed: 28 year old man from Mount Darwin, broken
arm “You mean to just say sorry and
that is all?? Aah! That is not going to be acceptable. I will take revenge. I
want justice, they must go to jail. I want compensation. Just talking, that is
no good.” The anger, pain and devastation
of the last few months are not going to evaporate over night. In the experience
of the authors, unresolved community resentments based on very real crimes
having been committed – even murder – do not vanish. They fester and reassert
themselves, even over the generations, in petty power struggles and further
criminal acts at the village level. In fact, some of the violence of
the last three months has been precisely of this nature – the impunity gave
people licence to brutally settle old scores in some instances. There is no
quick or easy solution to this, but if we in Zimbabwe are serious about building
a better future free of violence, fear,
intimidation, hate, patronage, corruption and founded on justice, fairness,
openness, transparency, dignity and equality – then there is a
great deal of work to be done. This may include financial compensation funds for
victims, but will not be able to end there. The enmity grounded in real
suffering, coming from real acts of sheer hatred at the village level, is going
to have to be addressed meaningfully if communities are not going to reproduce
violence and retribution in big and small ways in the decades ahead.
APPENDICES MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING
BETWEEN THE ZIMBABWE AFRICAN NATIONAL UNION (PATRIOTIC FRONT) AND THE TWO
MOVEMENT FOR DEMOCRATIC CHANGE FORMATIONS PREAMBLE We the Parties to this Memorandum
of Understanding; Concerned about the recent
challenges that we have faced as a country and the multiple threats to the
well-being of our people; Dedicating ourselves to putting
an end to the polarisation, divisions, conflict and intolerance that have
characterised our country?s politics; Determined to build a society
free of violence, fear, intimidation, hate, patronage, corruption and founded on
justice, fairness, openness, transparency, dignity and equality; Recognising the centrality and
importance of African institutions in dealing with African problems, and
agreeing to seek solutions to our differences, challenges and problems through
dialogue under the auspices of the SADC mediation, supported and endorsed by the
African Union; Acknowledging that we have an
obligation of establishing a framework of working together in an inclusive
government; Desirous therefore of entering
into a dialogue with a view to returning Zimbabwe to prosperity; ecognising that such a dialogue
requires agreement on procedures and processes that will guide the
dialogue. NOW THEREFORE AGREE AS
FOLLOWS: 1.Definitions The "Memorandum of Understanding"
(MOU) shall mean this written agreement signed by the Principals. "The Parties" shall mean ZANU-PF,
the two MDC formations led by Morgan Tsvangirai and by Arthur Mutambara
respectively. "The Principals" shall mean the
President and First Secretary of ZANU-PF, Robert Gabriel Mugabe, the President
of the one MDC formation, Morgan Richard Tsvangirai and the President of the
other MDC formation, Arthur Guseni Oliver Mutambara. 2.Declaration of
Commitment The Parties hereby declare and
agree to commit themselves to a dialogue with each other with a view to creating
a genuine, viable, permanent and sustainable solution to the Zimbabwean
situation and, in particular, to implement this Memorandum of
Understanding. 3.Representation The Parties will be represented
by two representatives each in the dialogue. 4.Agenda The Parties have agreed to the
following Agenda: 4.1. Objectives and Priorities of
a new Government (a)ECONOMIC (i) Restoration of economic
stability and growth (ii) Sanctions (iii) Land question (b)POLITICAL (i) New Constitution (ii) Promotion of equality,
national healing and cohesion, and unity (iii)External
interference (iv)Free political
activity (v) Rule of law (vi) State organs and
institutions (vii) Legislative agenda
priorities (c)SECURITY (i) Security of persons and
prevention of violence (d)COMMUNICATION (i) Media (ii) External radio
stations 4.2 Framework for a new
Government 4.3 Implementation
mechanisms 4.4 Global political
agreement. 5.Facilitation The Dialogue shall be facilitated
in accordance with the SADC and AU resolutions. 6.Time frames The Dialogue commenced on 10 July
2008 and will continue until the Parties have finalised all necessary matters,
save for short breaks that may be agreed upon for purposes of consultation. It
is envisaged that the Dialogue will be completed within a period of two weeks
from the date of signing of this MOU. 7.Venue The Dialogue shall be conducted
at such venues as shall be determined by the Facilitator in consultation with
the representatives of the Parties. 8.Communication with the
media None of the Parties shall, during
the Dialogue period, directly or indirectly communicate the substance of the
discussion with the media. The parties shall refrain from negotiating through
the media, whether through their representatives to the Dialogue or any of their
Party officials. 9.Decisions by the
Parties The Parties shall not, during the
subsistence of the Dialogue, take any decisions or measures that have a bearing
on the agenda of the Dialogue, save by consensus. Such decisions or measures
include, but are not limited to the convening of Parliament or the formation of
a new government. 10.Interim measures 10.1 Security of
persons (a) Each Party will issue a
statement condemning the promotion and use of violence and call for peace in the
country and shall take all measures necessary to ensure that the structures and
institutions it controls are not engaged in the perpetration of
violence. (b) The Parties are committed to
ensuring that the law is applied fairly and justly to all persons irrespective
of political affiliation. (c) The Parties will take all
necessary measures to eliminate all forms of political violence, including by
non-state actors, and to ensure the security of persons and property.
(d) The Parties agree that, in
the interim, they will work together to ensure the safety of any displaced
persons and their safe return home and that humanitarian and social welfare
organisations are enabled to render such assistance as might be
required. 10.2 Hate speech The Parties shall refrain from
using abusive language that may incite hostility, political intolerance and
ethnic hatred or undermine each other. 11.The role of SADC and the
AU The implementation of the Global
Political Agreement that the Parties will conclude shall be underwritten and
guaranteed by the Facilitator, SADC and the AU. 12. Execution of the
agreement This agreement shall be signed by
the Principals in the presence of each other and shall be witnessed by the
Facilitator. Signed at Harare this day of
2008. Robert G. Mugabe
Thabo
Mbeki President,
ZANU-PF
SADC
Facilitator Morgan R. Tsvangirai
Arthur G. O.
Mutambara President, MDC
President,
MDC
[1] Rowan Philip and
Dominic Mahlangu, “Only God will remove me!” Sunday Times 22nd June 2008. [2] Rowan Philip and
Brendan Boyle,”Mugabe declares war.” Sunday Times, 15th June 2008. This position was echoed by one of
his Deputy Ministers, Hubert Nyanhongo who threatened: “Voting for Tsvangirai is
a vote for a return to war” Jason Moyo, “Zanu-PF is going for broke.” Mail and
Guardian, 13th -19th June 2008. Similarly
Major-General Martin Chedondo, the Army chief of staff told a military audience:
“Soldiers are not apolitical, only mercenaries are apolitical. We should stand
behind our commander-in-chief. If you have other thoughts, then you should
remove that uniform.” Peter Fabricius, Peta Thornicroft and Murray Williams,
“Outcry at Tsvangirai arrest.” Cape Argus 5th June 2008.
[3] Charles Rukuni,
“Fist Lady shows mettle for her man.” Mail and Guardian, 6-12 June
2008. [4] Commenting on
this action the Commissioner of the Zimbabwe Police, Augustine Chihuri noted:
“We wonder whom Mr. Tsvangirai is running away or hiding from. We do not have
any complaints from him or his party, of any threat of violence or attempts on
his life that would cause him to fear for his safety and seek sanctuary in a
foreign embassy.” ‘ Tsvangirai seeks ‘refuge’ at Dutch Embassy.”
The Herald, 24th June 2008.
[5] “MDC activists
burnt to death, envoys attacked.” Cape Times, 6th June 2008. [6] Basildon Peta,
“Zimbabwe halts food aid and detains Tsvangirai” Cape Times, 6th June 2008. [7] Chaka
Chidyamatiyo, Sydney Kawadza, and Takunda Maodza, “Leave us alone, West told.”
The Herald 26/06/08. [8]
Ibid. [9] MDC Advert: “Free
and Fair Impossible.” Zimbabwe Independent, 27 June-3rd JULY 2008. [10] MDC Press
Statement on the Presidential Run-Off. 22nd
June 2008. [11] Letter from MDC
President Morgan Tsvangirai to the Chair of the Zimbabwe Election Commission,
25th June 2008.
[12] “Civil Society
Press Statement on the 27th June
Presidential Run-Off.” 26th JUNE 2008; see
also the minutes of the “Crisis in Zimbabwe Coalition Meeting to reveal MDC’s
Run-Off Pull out decision.” 23rd June 2008. [13] United Nations,
“Zimbabwe: UN Security Council Presidential Statement.” New York 24th June 2008. [14] “Tsvangirai
can’t pull out.” The Herald 25th June
2008. [15] SADC Election
Observer Mission: Preliminary Statement.” 27th June 2008. [16] “Preliminary
Statement of the African Union Observer Mission.” 29th June 2008. [17] “The Pan-African
Parliament Election Observer Mission to the Presidential Run-Off and
Parliamentary By-Elections in Zimbabwe: Interim Statement” 29th June 2008. [18] “G8 Leaders
Statement on Zimbabwe.” June 2008. [19] “President sworn
in, appeals for unity.” The Herald, 30th
June 2008. [20] Sydney Kawadza,
“…..no country should dictate to us: President.” The Herald, 27th June 2008. [21] Peter Fabricius,
Peta Thornicroft and Murray Williams, “Outcry at Tsvangirai’s arrest.” Cape
Argus, 5th June
2008. [22] SADC, ‘The SADC
Troika of Heads of State and Government”, 25th June 2008, Kingdom of Swaziland..
[23] Sydney Kawadza,
“….no country should dictate to us: President.” The Herald 27th June 2008.
[24] Chara Carter,
“Mbeki stands his ground on Zimbabwe.” Cape Times 13th June 2008. “Klipgooiers” is the Afrikaans word
for “stonethrowers.” [25] Peter Fabricius,
“Slap in face for Mbeki as G8 calls for UN envoy to mediate in Zimbabwe.” Cape
Times, 9th July
2008. [26] Hopewell Radebe,
“UK seeks SA backing for Harare sanctions.” Business Day, 8th July 2008. [27] “Low-key support
for Mugabe at AU.” Business Day 7th July
2008. [28] Joe Lauria, “UN
Zim vote sours US-SA relations.” The Sunday Independent, 13th July 2008. [29] Rowan Philip and
Dominic Mahlangu, “Only God will remove me!” Sunday Times, 22nd June 2008. [30] Wally Mbhele and
Dominic Mahlangu, “If you go on like this, there will be no country left.”
Sunday Times, 1st June
2008. [31] Wally Mbhele,
Dominic Mahlangu and Mpumelelo Mkhabela, “Frank Chikane’s lie is exposed.”
Sunday Times 8th June 2006.
[32] Rowan Philip,
“Mbeki gives Mugabe thumbs up-again.” Sunday Times, 29th June 2008. [33] President
Tsvangirai’s Statement, 8th July 2008. On
the matter of the expansion of the mediation team it was reported that
Tsvangirai stated that AU Commission Chair Jean Ping told him not to cooperate
with Mbeki until an AU envoy was appointed to the mediation. South Africa’s
Deputy Foreign Minister, Aziz Pahad claimed that this was a “fake issue” and
that the MDC was “spinning a yarn”. Dumisani Muleya, “Tsvangirai pulls out of
signing talks agreement.” Business Day 17th
July 2008. [34] Memorandum of
Understanding between Zimbabwe African National Union (Patriotic Front) and the
Two Movement for Democratic Change Formations. 21st July 2008. [35] Dumisani Muleya,
“New Dawn in Zimbabwe as Mugabe accepts deal.” Business Day 22nd July 2008. [36] Human Science
Research Council/ Africa Policy Institute, Saving Zimbabwe: An Agenda for Democratic Peace.
Pretoria/Nairobi 2008. [37] See Joshua
Nkomo’s comments on the front page of this report, made after 4 years of
“Gukurahundi” massacres in the west of Zimbabwe that left more than 10,000 dead.
[38] Interviews,
Harare 4 July and Bulawayo 10 July 2008. [39] ZLHR statement,
“ Unwarranted attacks on Human Rights Defenders and Legitimate Political
Opponents Continue”, 3 June 2008. [40] ZADHR,
statement, 26 June 2008. [41] MISA has
produced regular updates on the harassment of journalists this year.
[42] Ndira was
abducted at 5 am on 14 May by eight men in suits and taken away in
a truck with different number plates on the front and back. An official autopsy
conducted after his body was recovered a week later indicated that he had died
of asphyxiation, probably very shortly after abduction. It was erroneously
reported in the media that Ndira had had his lips and tongue cut out: the
independent pathologist who conducted the autopsy confirmed that the
disfigurement of his face was caused purely by maggot activity. This was a very
professional, targeted assassination of a key activist. [43] Interviews with
health care staff in Harare, 3 July 2008. [44] Interview,
Harare, 4 July 2008. [45] Eppel, S:
“Healing the dead: exhumation and reburial as truth-telling and peace-building
activities in rural Zimbabwe” in T. Borer, “Telling the Truths: truth telling
and peace building in post conflict societies”, Notre Dame Press, 2006.
[46] Catholic
Commission for Justice and Peace and Legal Resources Foundation: “Breaking the
Silence, Building True Peace: a report on the disturbances in Matabeleland and
the Midlands, 1980-1987, Harare, 1998. [47] VOA, “Zimbabwe
opposition activists poisoned as political violence continues”, 15 July 2008.
[48] SPT, “Policing
the State”, September 2005. [49] Bill Watch
29/2008, 18 July 2008. [50]
Ibid. [51] The Standard,
“War veteran jailed for stock theft”, 20 July 2008. [52] The Daily
Nation, “Mugabe’s party deserts supporters”, 21 July 2008. [53] The Standard,
“Join Blair in London War vets tell MDC returnees”, 20 July 2008.
[54]
In the Midlands, Asst Air Vice Marshall
Muchena spearheaded June violence in Zhombe and Gokwe. In Matabeleland South,
Col Nare has played the same role in Insiza and Umzingwane. In every province a
few key names come up repeatedly. [55] Harare Tribune,
“Unlawful Combatants – ZANU-PF’s militia, foreign fighters and mercenaries, 17
July 2008. Patrick Chitaka, the MDC Chair in Manicaland stated: “We have
observed that some people leading the violence are foreigners because they speak
a different language and they do not understand our local languages. Also the
tactics they are using are not peculiar to Zimbabwe, because they are cutting
out the tongue, removing eyes and genital parts. We are not sure where they come
from.” ‘Mugabe now using mercenaries’. Cape Times, 16th July 2008. [56]
Bulawayo in Matabeleland is better endowed
in terms of NGOs to which people can report violations and seek help than other
provinces apart from the Mashonaland provinces, and it is likely that over time
there will be an increase in reports surfacing from the Midlands and Masvingo,
once it is possible to access rural areas in these provinces and establish what
has gone on there. Eye witness reports and the experience of the authors over
the last three months would suggest that Matabeleland has been comparatively,
although certainly not entirely, unscathed by violence since
April. [57] This phenomenon
was dealt with in the 21 May report in more detail, the most shocking example
being the massacre of 8 people in Mazowe Central within the vicinity of a
polling station that received 80 MDC votes. [58] Statement at
press conference by UNICEF’s Regional Director for
Eastern & Southern Africa, Mr Per Engebak, 27 May 2008. [59] The Times,
“Maybe I am pregnant, or maybe I have HIV now. No one can help”, 8 July 2008;
VOA, “Zimbabwean Women face HIV risk following rape as political violence”, 14
July 2008. [60] The Standard,
“MDC supporters released”, 20 july 2008. [61] Interviews in
Bulawayo relating to bases in Gwanda and Insiza, as well as media reports.
[62] Interview with
Harare activists, 12 July
2008.
by Solidarity Peace
Trust
Saturday 02 August
2008
The one hundred year old pattern
of impunity for state perpetrators in Zimbabwe has unsurprisingly been
maintained during the violence of 2008. At the time of writing, there are
reported to be between 500 and 1,000 MDC activists in police cells charged with
various political crimes, including burning down huts and assaulting ZANU PF
supporters.[47] The authors have tracked
politically motivated arrests over the last 8 years, and in 2005 we documented
the fact that out of nearly 2,000 political arrests over five years, only 4
convictions of the opposition were achieved, none for violent crimes.[48] Arresting the opposition is a
form of state harassment, demobilising and demoralising the MDC, and bears
little relation to actual lawlessness.
The major onus on ending the violence clearly lies
with the current government and with the police.
International Herald Tribune
The Associated PressPublished: August 2,
2008
HARARE, Zimbabwe: Zimbabweans hunted out coins
squirreled away years ago in
jars and cupboards and headed for the shops,
where lines built up as
overburdened tellers used to counting mounds of
hyper-inflated dollar notes
instead were juggling silver.
The central
bank, overwhelmed by stratospheric inflation in the millions of
percentile,
this week cut 10 zeros from the currency and reintroduced coins
made
obsolete in 2002 when they became worthless.
A one-dollar coin now is
worth 10 billion of the old dollars.
On Friday, about 20 one-dollar coins
or 200 billion Zimbabwe dollars could
buy a loaf of scarce bread if it could
be found in a downtown supermarket.
That's about US$5 at the official rate
and US$2 at the black market rate
that better reflects the value of the
currency.
"It has been a chaotic day," said Farayi Chikomba, a teller
filling plastic
banking bags with coins at a small supermarket at closing
time. "Customers
have been digging out their old coins."
Lines
built up as staff counted the coins.
"It's a bonus for anyone like me who
didn't know what to do with coins and
didn't throw them away," said
businessman Frank Takavara, who carried a
cookie jar full that bought him a
small sachet of powdered milk.
Chikomba said he received a few new 10 and
20 dollar notes issued by banks
Friday. But most purchasers still used
coins, old notes or checks.
The old currency remains effective until
December, being used alongside new
bills in the "revalued" currency rate
introduced Friday.
The biggest new bill is $500, equivalent to 5 trillion
in the old
denominations. Two weeks ago, the bank had introduced a $100
billion-dollar
note.
Bank executives said many branches still were
waiting for deliveries of new
currency from the central bank late Friday,
the first day of issue.
In setting prices on its menu, a downtown cafe
mistakenly slashed nine zeros
from its prices instead of the required 10.
Until December, prices must be
quoted in both new dollars and old dollars,
according to a central bank
directive.
"Everyone is totally confused.
Maybe things will settle down in a few days.
It's farcical at the moment,"
said the cafe manager, who asked not to be
identified for fear of
repercussions.
Embattled President Robert Mugabe blamed profiteers and
Western sanctions
for the economic chaos in the southern African nation and
this week warned
that if businesses tried to cash in on the mess, he would
impose a state of
emergency.
There were fears he could use emergency
laws to punish rivals should
power-sharing talks with the opposition not
resolve in his favor.
Both Mugabe and opposition leader Morgan Tsvangirai
say they won elections
this year. Talks being held in a secret location in
South Africa under an
agreed media blackout were due to resume Sunday.
Mugabe has ruled since a
guerrilla war forced an end to white minority rule
in 1980, in recent years
even overcoming opposition within his own
party.
Zimbawe's woes began when Mugabe nearly 10 years ago sent
supporters to
violently invade white-owned commercial farms that drove the
economy, saying
he was reclaiming the land for poor black
peasants.
Instead, he gave the farms to his Cabinet minister, generals
and other
cronies. Most were left untended and today Zimbabwe, which once
exported
food, suffers chronic shortages of everything from food and
medication to
fuel and electricity.
The lines to which Zimbabweans
have become accustomed also grew Friday at
banks, where officials said a
government notice allows checks to be written
in both new and old
denominations.
Central bank governor Gideon Gono said he acted this week
because inflation
was hampering the country's computer systems. Computers,
electronic
calculators and automated teller machines could not handle basic
transactions in billions and trillions of dollars.
Inflation, the
highest in the world, is officially running at 2.2 million
percent in
Zimbabwe but independent economists say it is closer to 12.5
million
percent.
Analysts say the slashing of the 10 zeros and the issue of new
lower
denomination notes failed to address the root causes of inflation, and
in
real terms zeros will soon return unless inflation is slowed.
VOA
By Patience Rusere
Washington
01 August
2008
Confusion and long lines at banks accompanied the
Zimbabwean central bank's
issuance of new bank notes on Friday as financial
institutions, businesses
and individuals grappled with a new currency
regimen following the
elimination of 10 zeros from nominal
values.
The Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe is issuing new notes for 500, 100,
20 and 10
dollars, and coins for one dollar, 50 cents, 20 cents and 10 cents
- the
latter recycled from the family of coins that was in general
circulation
eight years ago.
The Reserve Bank said bills in
circulation would remain legal tender until
January 31, 2009, instead of
December 31 of this year as it had initially
stated.
Notes to be
pulled out of circulation include the Z$100 billion note -
already a
collector's item being sold on E-Bay. Inflation has been
officially pegged
at 2.2 million percent, but some economists estimate that
at this point it
is running at 100 million percent.
Sources in Harare said most
automated teller machines were out of commission
as they must be configured
to handle the new bills. One Harare consumer said
he was able to withdraw
the recently increased maximum daily amount of 2
trillion Zimbabwe dollars -
equivalent to 200 redenominated Zimbabwe
dollars - from Stanbic Bank despite
long lines.
Many said they had not seen the new bills, but some
members of the public
had old coins which they were able to put back into
use - if stores accepted
them.
One resident of Bulawayo, the
country's second-largest city, said he was
turned away from several shops
where retailers were adjusting cash registers
to the new values.
The
state-controlled Herald newspaper said the conversion or revaluation of
accounts would be done between Aug. 9 and Aug. 13, such that a customer
account with 5 trillion dollars in it would continue to show that value
until the process has been completed.
The ongoing currency
shuffle brought back memories of a similar operation
two years ago in August
2006 - but this time observers said the RBZ was
moving more
cautiously.
In 2006 the central bank called in the old currency over a
one-month period,
which seriously disrupted the economy as individuals and
businesses rushed
to put old notes into banks as officials questioned the
origin of the funds,
often suffering arbitrary cash seizures.
For
a look at the currency operation and what it means to Zimbabweans,
reporter
Patience Rusere of VOA's Studio 7 for Zimbabwe turned to economist
Eric
Bloch, an advisor to the central bank, and independent journalist Jonah
Nyoni of Bulawayo.
| ||||||
HARARE – Zimbabwean media
organisations on Friday said power-sharing talks between the ruling ZANU PF
party and the opposition MDC party should discuss scrapping a battery of tough
laws that President Robert Mugabe has relied on to muzzle the press.
The Media Alliance of Zimbabwe
(MAZ) welcomed the talks aimed at forming a government of national unity seen as
the best way to resolve Zimbabwe’s political and economic crisis but said a
lasting democratic solution was impossible in the absence of a free
press. “The right to freedom of
expression is the cornerstone of any democracy. MAZ therefore calls upon the
negotiators to sincerely take into account issues of media freedom and freedom
of expression if true democracy is to be realised in Zimbabwe,” the group said
the statement. MAZ – comprising the Media
Institute of Southern Africa (Zimbabwe Chapter), Zimbabwe Union of Journalists,
Media Monitoring Project of Zimbabwe and the Zimbabwe National Editors’ Forum –
is the largest coalition for journalists and freedom of expression activists in
the country. The group deplored what it said
was a “partial and partisan” coverage of power-sharing talks by the government
controlled media. “We are deeply disturbed by the
current manipulation of the government-controlled media which has shut out
dissenting voices and provided only a partial and partisan picture of the talks.
What is required at this juncture is a media which informs the public of the
issues at stake and allows a variety of views to be heard,” the media alliance
said. Government-controlled newspapers
are the biggest and most dominant in Zimbabwe after Mugabe’s government banned
four privately owned newspapers including the Daily News, which was the largest
circulating daily at its forced closure in 2003. There are no independent
broadcasters in Zimbabwe. The state-owned Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation
(ZBC) runs the country’s only television and radio stations, all tightly
controlled by Mugabe’s government, which has the final say on senior editorial
and managerial appointments.
Zimbabwe has some of the toughest
media laws in the world. For example, the government’s Access to Information and
Protection of Privacy Act (AIPPA) requires journalists to obtain licences from
the government’s Media and Information Commission in order to practise in
Zimbabwe. The commission can withdraw
licences from journalists who fail to conform. Journalists caught practising
without a licence are liable to a two-year jail term under AIPPA. Besides journalists being
required to obtain licences, newspaper companies are also required to register
with the state commission with those failing to do so facing closure and seizure
of their equipment by the police. MAZ called for the repeal of
AIPPA, the Broadcasting Services Act
that has been used to restrict private investors from the electronic media and
the Interception of Communications Act used to spy on personal communications
between private citizens. The group also made the following
recommendations:
The talks between ZANU PF and the MDC that are being facilitated by South African President Thabo Mbeki resume tomorrow after a break mid-week to allow negotiators time to consult their principals on progress made so far. – ZimOnline |
Mugabe's patronage to judges, most of whom sit on the constitutional court handling poll challenges by MDC losing candidates, a threat
Zimbabwe, Harare-- If you are Mugabe & ZANU-PF, and you know that a government of national unity is on the cards, what do you to put yourself in good books with the judges? The same judges that will be handling poll challenges by MDC losing candidates from the March 29 election? Of course, you lavish gifts on them, eh..."to improve their conditions of service."
The ZANU-PF government, rulling the country with no mandate from the people, gave senior judges of the high court, electoral cort and labour court new 32-inch Sony, Panasonic, and LG plasma TV sets with the chief justice and judge president receiving 42-inch screens.
Just to make sure the judges can avoid watching nauseating TV programmes on ZBC TV, ZANU-PF threw in sophisticated free air satellite dishes.Then, they can watch CNN, Discovery, Natgeo and other awesome shows.
To make sure the judges travel in comfort in Zimbabwe's rutted, potholled and moribund roads, ZANU-PF also handed out 16 new Mercedes-Benz E280 cars. A quick check on google reveals that these cars retail for US$50 000 each.
Simple arithmetic shows that the government paid US$1 million for these top of the range vehicles, enough to feed thousands of hungry Zimbabweans for weeks.
Knowing that the judges get very irritated when ZESA cuts the electricity supply to their homes, like it does to all Zimbabweans across the country, ZANU-PF gave the judges generators.
"Yes, the judges received Mercedes Benz E280," the Master of the High Court, Charles Nyatanga confirmed to the Tribune in a phone call.
"It was long overdue and some of the judges had never been issued with Mercedes-Benz vehicles ever since their appointment to the bench." Yep, Mugabe appointed most of these judges to the bench, without consultation with anyone.
But, wait a minute, what if the judges want go to Karoi on a weekend, to visit the seized farms they were given during the "Third Cimurenga?" You give the judges all-terrain vehicles. ZANU-PF handed over Toyota twin cabs and Isuzu trucks to the judges.
Mr Nyatanga explained that it was "undesirable" for judges to have to drive their Mercedes over rough ground to get to their farms.
There you have it. This is Mugabe's Zimbabwe. What will a GNU, diluted with people from ZANU-PF used to Mugabe patronage, achieve for the people of Zimbabwe?
The best bet is that the MDC, in agreeing to join hands with Mugabe, will be soiled by ZANU-PF's ways of doing things and nothing will change in the country.
In showing his love on the judges, Mugabe hopes that the judges will dismiss the court challenges by the MDC, in so doing protect ZANU-PF's seats in the parliament.--Harare Tribune News
http://www.thezimbabwetimes.com/?p=1846
August 2, 2008
By Raymond
Maingire
HARARE - Hordes of Zanu-PF supporters, who forcibly occupied
apartments in
Harare's crowded Mbare, Tafara and Dzivarasekwa suburbs in
June, have defied
a government order to vacate the premises.
Instead,
they are now demanding permanent occupancy of the flats.
Local government
minister Ignatius Chombo on Wednesday ordered the illegal
occupants to
immediately leave the premises.
They are among Zanu-PF youths and
so-called war veterans who besieged most
townships in Harare and set up
illegal camps with the tacit approval of
government during the run-up top to
the controversial re-run of the
presidential election.
The supporters
would occasionally launch terror campaigns against terrified
residents while
forcing them to attend nightly vigils and declare oaths of
allegiance to
Zanu-PF.
Chombo confirmed the invaders were now demanding to be issued
with letters
from his ministry to confirm them as the official owners of the
apartments.
"That is impossible," said Chombo, speaking in the vernacular
Shona on
ZBC-TV Wednesday afternoon.
He maintains some of the flats
still under construction had already been
paid for by their prospective
owners who were waiting to occupy them once
complete.
"Those flats
are still under construction and were paid for in advance by
their owners
using the pay-for-your-housing-scheme," said Chombo. "That is
why we are
telling those people to vacate the flats.
"The illegal occupiers should
make formal applications in order to be
considered for future housing
schemes."
Chombo, who is unpopular with many urbanites for his sacking of
elected MDC
mayors and replacing them with Zanu PF loyalists over the past
five years,
did not explain the circumstances behind the illegal occupation
of the
flats. Neither did he reveal the identity of the illegal
occupants.
But Piniel Denga, MP-elect for Mbare Constituency, confirmed
Friday that the
illegal occupants were in fact Zanu PF supporters deployed
before the June
27 presidential election to cause havoc in the area and
render it unfit for
political activity.
According to Denga, more than
40 MDC families were forced to vacate some of
the flats when the youths went
on the rampage.
"I have just toured the area and they are still there,"
he said.
"Some of the flats that they occupied are not yet fitted with
electricity or
water supplies. The occupants are forced to use nearby bushes
to relieve
themselves.
"There are more than 40 families including MDC
councillors who were affected
by the evictions."
Zimbabwe witnessed
an orgy of political violence perpetrated mostly by
President Robert
Mugabe's supporters who were out to punish the electorate
for rejecting the
84-year-old leader in the presidential election held on
March 29.
It
was part of their strategy to intimidate supporters of the MDC ahead of
the
election re-run held on June 27.
So intense was the violence that
Mugabe's rival, Morgan Tsvangirai pulled
out of the polls.
http://www.nehandaradio.com/zimbabwe/protests/capetownrally020808.html
02 August 2008
The Zimbabwe Rally for
Social Justice [yesterday evening] was a great
success. Close to 2000 people
filled Cape Town's St George's Cathedral to
the preverbal rafters. Many
Zimbabweans attended some coming from the
refugee camps and others mobilised
through various Zimbabwean associations.
The TAC mobilised a very large
contingent as did the newly formed Social
Justice Coalition. Amandla made
sure that many of the networks it works with
brought people. Some powerful
speeches were delivered with good connections
between SA's negotiations and
what Zimbabwe should be wary off in their
current
negotiations.
[COSATU Western Cape Provincial Secretary] Tony Ehrenreich
called for the
negotiations to be opened to public scrutiny. He reminded us
that South
Africans are not free because of secret deals made during the
negotiations
that left the economy in the hands of the rich.
Zimbabwe
should not make the same mistake and said only mass struggle could
avoid
that. He drew thunderous applause when he said if Mugabe comes to
South
Africa we will affect a citizen's arrest on him for crimes against
humanity.
He emphasised the debt of solidarity that South Africans owed
Zimbabweans.
There was pandemonium when MDC Vice President, Thokozani
Khupe got up to
speak. The MDC is supported in masse by locally based
Zimbabweans. She
pointed out that Zanu had betrayed the ideals of the
liberation struggle and
situated the MDC within the context of completing
the unfulfilled
aspirations of Zimbabwe's suffering and struggling masses.
It was a theme
that Elinor Sisulu had developed highlighting the way Zanu
had reneged on
the struggle as had many other national liberation movements
in the region.
She drew an analogy with the first government of national
unity i.e. between
ZANU and ZAPU and the present negotiations as a warning
on what could
happen. Such a unity government between ZANU and ZAPU was used
to wipe out
opposition and divergent voices. She argued for the importance
of popular
movements and their vigilance over the negotiation
process.
Farid Esack closed the evening by reading the proposed
declaration (which
was unanimously adopted) and called for the continued
mobilisation of
solidarity with the people of Zimbabwe. He also warned how
yesterday's
liberators can become today's dictators. This was clearly a
veiled warning
to what is beginning to unfold in South Africa. The rally was
jointly
organised by COSATU, TAC, Social Justice Coalition and Amandla
Publishers.
Declaration on Social Justice in Zimbabwe
As civil
society we welcome the fragile possibility of a return to
democracy. It is
the duty of all people in Africa and our governments to
ensure that the
negotiations ensure that people in Zimbabwe have freedom and
food. Civil
society, business and government in South Africa all have a
special duty to
mobilize support for the democratic aspirations of the
people of
Zimbabwe.
After a decade of deepening political and economic crisis and a
few false
starts at political negotiations, Zimbabwe's two major political
parties,
the MDC and Zanu PF signed a Memorandum of Understanding on the
21st July
2008. The MOU binds the two parties to agree to seek solutions to
"differences, challenges and problems through dialogue under the auspices of
the SADC mediation, supported and endorsed by the AU."
While it
appears that the signing of the MOU is a continuation of the SADC
mediation
began by President Mbeki in early 2007, it was forced on to Mugabe
by a
combination of factors. These include:
· An election defeat by the MDC in
March 2008, the culmination of a decade
of political and civic struggles in
the country.
· Spiralling economic decline including mass
hunger.
· An average life-expectancy that has declined from 61 to 37
years for men
and 34 years for women.
· Divisions in SADC over
Mugabe, and Mbeki's handling of the mediation.
· A Presidential runoff
election in June 2008 that was largely judged to be
"not free and
fair".
· Growing international diplomatic pressure and targeted sanctions
against
the ZANU PF elite.
These factors rather than the policy of
quiet diplomacy forced Mugabe and
Mbeki to promote negotiations that appear
to be meaningful. Whatever the
merits of this policy it needs to be
remembered that during the period of
the mediation Zimbabwe witnessed the
worst political violence in its
post-colonial history since the Matabeland
massacres in the mid 1980s.
Against this background and in the context of
the current negotiation taking
place in Pretoria between the MDC and ZANU
PF, civic groups make the
following demands on the negotiations:
·
Negotiations should be transparent and open to public scrutiny
· A
transitional authority should be established for a period of no more
than
two years in which such an authority must:
· Bring an end to the ruling
party's political violence and remove state
control from the military based
Joint Operations Command currently running
the country. This means confining
the army and police to the barracks.
· Allow for immediate humanitarian
assistance to alleviate the humanitarian
disaster unfolding in
Zimbabwe.
· Carry out constitutional reform and the repeal of repressive
political
legislation.
· Put in place conditions for reconstruction
and development which will
overcome mass poverty and unemployment
·
Create a framework in which international economic assistance is targeted
at
strengthening the Zimbabwe economy and the country's national
sovereignty
· Begin a discussion on the ways in which human rights abuses
that have been
carried out in the post-independence period can be
addressed.
· Ensure that this transitional period is monitored and
guaranteed by SADC,
the AU and the UN.
We commit ourselves
to:
· Pressurise all African governments to honour these
demands.
· Support the democratic forces in Zimbabwe both morally and
materially.
Pressure all governments to assist with an emergency rescue
package to
assist the people of Zimbabwe
· Support a reconstruction
and development plan for Zimbabwe and Southern
Africa that ensure freedom
and social justice in the long-term.
· Maintain vigilance over our own
democratic institutions and Constitution
Adopted at St George's Cathedral
Thursday 31 July 2008 at a rally hosted by
COSATU, TAC, Social Justice
Coalition and Amandla Publishers
Report written by Brian Ashley, brian@amandla.org.za
http://www.thezimbabwetimes.com/?p=1849
August 2, 2008
By Owen
Chikari
MASVINGO- The opposition Movement for Democratic Change MDC has
instituted a
three member commission to probe allegations that newly elected
Masvingo
mayor Alderman Femias Chakabuda may have defected to join
Zanu-PF.
It is alleged that his deputy, Selina Maridza may have followed
His Worship's
footsteps into the ranks of his former party during the run-up
to the
controversial June 27 presidential election.
Alderman
Chakabuda a former Zanu-PF member who defected to the opposition in
2001 was
last month elected ceremonial mayor of Masvingo City, shrugging off
the
challenge posed by former trade unionist David Vasivenyu.
Maridza was
elected unopposed.
The entry of the two into the top echelons of
Masvingo's civic affairs was
not entirely without controversy and violence.
MDC youths reportedly
protested against the decision by the ten newly
elected councillors to elect
the new mayor and deputy mayor, arguing that
the two had already defected to
the former ruling party. The MDC defeated
Zanu-PF in parliamentary elections
held on the same day as the council
elections on March 29.
In Masvingo the MDC won nine of the 10 council
seats, while Zanu-PF settled
for only one. Choosing a new City Father from
their own ranks was, therefore
no task for the new council; that was until
information started to circulate
that Alderman Chakabuda and Councillor
Maridza were now card-carrying
members of Zanu-PF.
That effectively
means Masvingo is now effectively back in the hands of
Zanu-PF, at least
right at the top.
A member of the commission of enquiry, Lawson Mapfaira,
yesterday said they
had been tasked to investigate Chakabuda and his
deputy.
"The mayor and his deputy were supposed to appear before the
commission of
enquiry this week", said Mapfaira. "We postponed the hearing
because one of
the commission members had to attend a funeral. But we are
going to meet
anytime from now.
"The allegations are not yet clear to
us but I was informed that the two
crossed the floor to join Zanu-PF during
the run-up to the June 27
presidential election run-off. Hence they can not
continue to be in council
on our (MDC) ticket. We have to get to the bottom
of this matter that is why
we have been tasked to investigate
them."
The other two members of the commission were identified only as a
Ms Kujinga
and a Mr Ndlovu.
If the two are found to have defected to
Zanu-PF they will automatically be
suspended from the opposition political
party.
Alderman Chakabuda yesterday professed ignorance over the issue
saying, "I
am not aware that I am being investigated. May be they will
inform me once
they are ready with the charges."
Chakabuda, one of
Masvingo council's longest serving councillors, represents
Ward Five while
Maridza is councillor for Ward One.
Chakabuda has seen service with the
council for the past 15 years and has
five terms as deputy mayor to his
credit.
At the WeAreZCTU website, the
photos of more than 2,000 union members are crying out for freedom for Zimbabwe
and the people of that suffering nation. Workers around the world sent the
photos to create a mosaic of Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions (ZCTU) leaders
Lovemore Motombo and Wellington Chibebe. In May, the Zimbabwean government arrested and released on
bail Chibebe and Motombo, the secretary general and president,
respectively, of the ZCTU. They are charged with “inciting the public to rise
against the government and communicating falsehoods” in the midst of that
country’s runoff presidential election. They were detained for questioning after
Chibebe, winner of the AFL-CIO’s 2003 George
Meany-Lane Kirkland Human Rights Award, told a May Day rally in Harare that post-election violence was
increasing. As a condition of their bail, Chibebe and Motombo are not allowed to
“address any political gathering until this matter is finalized,” says the
judge. Their trial, which originally was set for June 23, has been postponed
three times and now is scheduled for Aug. 27. To show support for the ZCTU leaders,
more than 2,000 union members around the world sent in photos to create a photo
mosaic of the two men at the WeAreZCTU website. Click here to view the
mosaic and add your picture. Last week, nearly 100
trade unionists and other worker justice activists marched outside Zimbabwe’s embassy in Washington, D.C., demanding fair and free
elections and an end to government-sponsored violence against
opponents. The
demonstration was sponsored by the Coalition of
Black Trade Unionists, the
TransAfrica Forum, the AFL-CIO and several other
groups. Members of Zimbabwe President Robert
Mugabe’s ruling party have waged a violent and deadly national campaign of
intimidation, with union members as major targets, to ensure he remains in power.
Mugabe has ruled the country since 1980. After Mugabe failed to win re-election in
March and was forced into a runoff election, he unleashed what AFL-CIO
Secretary-Treasurer Richard Trumka calls a three-month “campaign of
total terror in which thousands of people, including trade unionists, were
threatened, tortured, beaten and murdered.” The ZCTU, which had issued a series of
demands to make the election fair, declared that the presidential runoff in June
was “neither free nor fair” and refused to accept the outcome. The AFL-CIO Solidarity Center, along with the international labor movement, is
taking part in a global campaign, Stand Up for Zimbabwe, to end violence in Zimbabwe and show solidarity
with its people.
More than
2,000 supporters sent photos of themselves to make up this mosaic of Lovemore
Motombo and Wellington Chibebe.
http://www.cathybuckle.com
2nd August2008
Dear Friends.
One week ago,
Sunday July 27th. the SA Sunday Times carried a report that
Thabo Mbeki had
finally told Mugabe that he had to talk to the opposition.
The report went
on to quote verbatim Sydney Mafamadi's words to the
Zimbabwean 'leader'.
"You don't have a government. You can't summon your
parliament. You have no
legitimate president - thus you have no cabinet. You
cannot behave as you
have been doing. Real talks have to start
straightaway." So, the article
concluded, it was South Africa who had forced
Mugabe to enter negotiations
with the opposition parties, the two MDC
parties. On the very same day, The
UK Sunday Telegraph claimed that it was
Mugabe's other ally, China, who had
forced the old man to 'behave himself'
because his actions were bringing the
Chinese hosting of the Olympic Games
into disrepute.
Well, who cares
whether it was South Africa or China, I thought; at least
it's some kind of
movement. So great is my distrust of Robert Mugabe and
Zanu PF that I had no
real hope anything would come out of the talks but -
hope springs eternal!
As the week went on, press reports on the progress or
lack of it at the
talks between the two sides became wilder and more
confusing by the day.
Were the talks on or were they off? Were the two sides
deadlocked or was
there real progress being made? Was it true Tsvangirai had
been offered the
crumb of the vice-presidency? With a complete media
blackout and no offical
spokesperson appointed to give the public the real
news, the print media was
filled with speculation, rumour and often just
plain gossip. It was only on
Tuesday July 29th that Mbeki himself announced
that the talks had adjourned
for the negotiators to return to Zimbabwe to
consult their leaders, as
indeed the MOU had made allowance for them to do.
The South Africa president
insisted that the talks were going well and would
resume on Sunday, August
3rd.
Like many others I suspect, I decided early on in the week that
my blood
pressure would not stand any more of the surges of hope and despair
as each
contradictory report came out. Direct news from Zimbabweans at home
in the
form of phonecalls and emails was a much more reliable source, I
decided and
the story they told was one of increasing despair as daily life
becomes more
intolerable. The bloody violence continues, food is still being
used as a
political weapon and the economy continues its descent into
previously
unheard of depths. "Can I send you money?" I asked a friend. "No
point," she
replied, "I can't get more than 100 billion out of the bank and
a loaf of
bread is going for 200 billion. Any cash you send is just going
straight to
Gideon Gono."
And right on cue, in rode the knight in shining
armour to rescue Zimbabwe
from the dragon of inflation. It was none other
than Gideon Gono, the
Reserve Bank Governor, plump cheeks glowing with
health and sporting a huge
buttonhole of fresh flowers. For the third time
he offered the same solution
to the nation's problems: knock off the
noughts! He did it in 2005; he did
it in 2006 and now he's doing it again in
2008. But this time it is a
massive ten noughts that will be removed, surely
the dragon will truly be
slain this time? Ten billion is now worth just one
dollar and a trillion has
become one hundred Zim dollars. Gone are the days
of Zim billionaires - for
the time being anyway. And, that old jar of coins
you had been saving
because you didn't know what else to do with them, now
they are back as
legal tender. My friend in Murehwa laughed over the phone
as he told me,
"You remember that box of coins you left, P. Well, they're
real money
again!" Will they be enough to buy a loaf of bread I
wondered.
In the Herald, Gono is reported as saying that he wants a
six-month wage and
price freeze and it is every citizen's duty in terms of
the Social Contract
to abide by the new conditions. "We will soon have no
economy to talk about
if daily, hourly price increases continue." Gono is
quoted as saying and he
adds almost as an afterthought that the fight
against inflation will also
need increased agricultural output and reduced
fiscal expenditure.
Meanwhile in a separate report the Herald tells us
that the judges have all
been given new top-of-the-range Mercedes Benz, 32
inch plasma screen TVs,
(the Chief Justice and Judge President each get a 42
inch set) generators
and satellite dishes - even though other people are
having their dishes torn
down. Explaining it all, the Master of the High
Court, Mr Charles Nyatanga,
tells us that the judges get a new Merc every 5
years as one of their
conditions of service. As for the generators; well the
poor dears, the
judges I mean, have to take their work home with them and in
view of the
regular power cuts they need light to illuminate their
deliberations as they
write their learned judgements. In addition to the
Mercedes the judges have
Isuzu and Totota trucks issued to them because
explained Mr Nyatanga, "It is
not desirable to drive their Mercedes on rough
terrain to their farms" No
comment!
And who is paying for all this?
Why none other than Gideon Gono! The Central
Bank purchased and will install
all these new 'goodies' for the judiciary.
So much for fiscal discipline!
Now let's see if the MPs, cabinet ministers
and other assorted government
lackeys will agree to a six-month pay freeze.
It is every citizen's duty
after all.
Yours in the (continuing)struggle. PH
http://www.mg.co.za/article/2008-08-02-sanctions-against-zimbabwe-are-an-empty-gesture
SIMON JENKINS: COMMENT
- Aug 02 2008 06:00
The United Kingdom supermarket group Tesco
has decided to stop buying
produce from Zimbabwe, "while the political
crisis exists". Its competitor,
Waitrose, has decided not to stop buying
from Zimbabwe. It believes
withdrawal would devastate "the workers and their
extended families". They
cannot both be right. They are not. Waitrose is
right.
Economic sanctions are a coward's war. They do not work but are a
way in
which rich elites feel they are "committed" to some distant struggle.
They
enjoy lasting appeal to politicians because they cost them nothing and
are
rhetorically macho. They embody the spirit of "something must be done",
the
last refuge of stupidity in foreign policy.
Tesco's decision
followed a flurry of publicity about an Anglo American
platinum mine, the
cancellation of which would throw hundreds of families
into abject poverty,
and about the shareholdings of some British Tory MPs in
Zimbabwe-based
companies. The UK's Foreign Office minister for Africa, Lord
Malloch Brown,
told these companies to "look very carefully at their
investment portfolio"
as "the game is changing".
The African, Commonwealth and international
communities have bolstered and
cosseted Robert Mugabe's one-party state for
25 years. Only now the
dictatorship has become blatant does this cosseting
look tasteless.
Tesco will stop buying from Zimbabwe, "while the
political crisis exists".
The misnomer is instructive. A crisis is a moment,
not a continuum. Zimbabwe
is a long continuum and Tesco is abusing language.
It is an accessory after
the fact of Mugabe's selective impoverishment of
his people. The idea that
such gestures will make him and his henchmen
suddenly see the error of their
ways is ludicrous. But Tesco is concerned
for its image, not for Zimbabwe.
Champions of economic sanctions can find
hardly a shred of evidence in their
favour, as indicated in the celebrated
1999 Congressional evidence of
Richard Haass of Brookings. He was reduced to
admitting they were a "blunt
instrument that often produces unintentional
and undesirable consequences".
Their first use in modern times, against
Italy over Abyssinia in 1935,
crashed the lira but did not free the
Abyssinians. The United States's most
ferocious sanctions drove Cuba into
the arms of Russia and came near to
precipitating a nuclear war -- and
cemented Castro in power to this day.
The same futility was seen in
action against Russia, Poland, Rhodesia,
Afghanistan, Nicaragua, Iraq and
Iran. Subjecting a political economy to
siege leads to consequences. It
enforces a command economy, in which the
rulers keep what they want for
themselves, skimming every deal and
corrupting every transaction. It made
Saddam Hussein the sixth richest man
in the world, as it enriched the
Taliban warlords, the Burmese generals and
Robert Mugabe.
Sanctions
over time destroy the mercantile, managerial and professional
classes, the
rootstock of opposition to totalitarian government. They push
power into the
hands of brute force. The withdrawal of trade closes
factories, farms and
mines, and debilitates the political effectiveness of
those dependent on
them. More people must rely on state handouts -- that is,
on the
regime.
Disinvestment transfers local assets to the ruler's cronies and
prevents
foreign traders ameliorating the condition of the people. In South
Africa,
sanctions tore up the international code of practice enjoined on
foreign
firms. The recent evolution of "smart sanctions", supposedly aimed
at the
rich, indicates the absurdity of "dumb" ones.
Rhodesian
sanctions created a command economy that supported the white
regime for a
decade. This was after Harold Wilson, the British prime
minister, predicted
the rebel downfall in "weeks not months".
Enthusiasts regularly cite
South Africa, for the reason that it was
sanctioned and its government
eventually fell, as if the one led to the
other. I reported this process
during the Eighties and found the embargos
counter-productive. I was guided
by such anti-apartheid activists as Desmond
Tutu and Helen Suzman, who
dismissed sanctions as a liberal feel-good
gesture that was merely putting
people out of jobs. (Tutu later changed his
mind under pressure from US
sanctions lobbyists.)
South African sanctions, starting with that most
fatuous of gestures, a
sports boycott, led to a burst of white
entrepreneurship and import
substitution. The arms manufacturer, Armscor,
had to direct its investment
to counter-insurgency and fast became a world
leader in the (illegal) export
of field weapons. Indeed, the best thing to
be said for sanctions was that
they postponed majority rule while a new
generation of blacks were educated
and advanced, as firms realised apartheid
was coming to an end.
Those Anglicans, including the Archbishop of York,
who call for such
economic aggression, cannot be aware of the implications.
They seem to
regard it as clean and anti-capitalist, a phantom revolution, a
pacifist
path to political change.
In almost every case sanctions
make the evil richer and more secure and the
poor poorer. What have they
done for the Burmese or the Cubans? It was war
that brought change, albeit
chaos, to Iraq and Afghanistan after sanctions
had failed. South Africa was
transformed not by sanctions but by the
collapse of the moral coherence of
Afrikanerdom, leading to an orderly
transfer of power. It is arrogant for
outsiders to claim any part in that
remarkable process.
The only
clear cut case of a sanction working was the US's sabotage of
sterling
during the 1956 Suez crisis. It was effective because Britain was a
democracy whose government knew it could not survive a collapsing currency.
This is the true paradox: to be susceptible to such pressure a state must
have a responsive government, but then such a government should not need
sanctioning.
The dictionary definition of the word is "a specific
penalty enacted to
enforce obedience to the law". It is fine for Malloch
Brown to sit in a
London TV studio and talk the pseudo-enforcement talk of
"the game is
changing" and "upping the repertoire of sanctions". This will
not enforce
obedience to any law.
Only invasion would do that. But
invasion, in this post-Iraq age, is rightly
considered a step too far. So
instead we pretend. We toss gestures that will
not bring about Mugabe's
downfall, only make the poor less able to resist
his thugs. And all so Tesco
can feel better for a day. -- © Guardian News &
Media Ltd 2008
http://www.thezimbabwetimes.com/?p=1853#more-1853
August 2, 2008
MUTARE (IRIN) - Dereck
Gurupira, 50, was bathing in the river near his home
in Zimbabwe's
Manicaland Province late one afternoon when he saw a woman on
the opposite
bank begin to undress, apparently oblivious of his presence.
Usually the
women in Manicaland's Odzi district, about 55km northwest of the
border town
of Mutare, wash downstream in a more secluded part of the river,
but after
undressing completely the woman greeted him by name and then
suggested to
Gurupira that he should join her.
He went and sat near her as she bathed
in the river and was taken by
surprise when a man wielding an axe emerged
from the bush and accused
Gurupira of having a sexual relationship with his
wife. The matter was taken
to the traditional court, where Gurupira was
fined two cows and a goat for
the "illicit relationship", to which the woman
even confessed.
"I was a fool to fall into the trap. The shameless
husband used his wife as
bait to extort the livestock from me, and even
though I hardly knew the
woman, many people now think I had a love affair
with her," Gurupira told
IRIN.
Having to hand over the cattle means
that he will not have enough draught
power to prepare the lean when season's
planting starts in September,
although he may find solace in the fact that
he is not the only person to
have fallen prey the scam.
Imbayago
Chikuni, a messenger at the court of a local headmen, told IRIN
that the
number of cases brought before the traditional courts by husbands
alleging
infidelity by their wives was on the increase.
"In the past, I used to
bring at most one case of infidelity a year to my
headman's court, but I am
now dealing with several such trials a month. It
is difficult to tell
between a genuine case and a staged one because, in all
cases, the women are
found in compromising positions by their husbands or
the husbands'
relatives," Chikuni said.
Those being targeted are villagers considered
to be of substance, and while
the river was one location often used for the
ruse, women were also
frequenting shebeens [informal taverns] to lure
unsuspecting men into their
schemes, he said.
Hunger was forcing
people "to use bizarre ways to get any form of foodstuffs
or money" from
"offending" men. "In this part of the province we hardly
harvested anything
last season, since the rains were erratic, there was no
fertiliser and
humanitarian aid is not forthcoming. Those who can manage a
full meal of
sadza [thick maize-meal porridge] and boiled vegetables a day
are considered
lucky," Chikuni said.
In June, the Food and Agriculture Organisation
(FAO) and the World Food
Programme (WFP) said about two million Zimbabweans
would be faced with
starvation before September, increasing to 3.8 million
by the end of the
year, and to 5.1 million by March 2009.
Zimbabwe's
precarious food security was exacerbated by a government order
banning
humanitarian organisations from operating, including those
supplementing
food stocks in rural areas, on allegations of engaging in
political
activity.
Many villagers in the district now depend on gathering wild
fruits and roots
for food, while others illegally pan for diamonds in the
hope of
supplementing their income.
Zimbabwe's hard times, in which
annual inflation is officially estimated at
2.2 million percent, have also
led to young girls being married at a very
young age.
In a bid to
avert hunger, the parents of Yevai Dongo, 15, in the Muzarabani
district of
Mashonaland Province, consented to their daughter becoming the
third wife of
a 50-year-old local shop owner. Yevai's 17-year-old sister ran
away to
Mozambique to avoid a similar fate.
The Dongo family now boasts six head
of cattle, whereas they had none
before, and are given a constant supply of
maize-meal by their new
son-in-law, who also gave them a cash "windfall" of
one trillion dollars
(about US$8) when he married their daughter two months
ago.
"True, my family is poor and there are times when we went without
food,"
Yevai told IRIN. "But I was still going to school, and for my parents
to
sell me off like a commodity is unfair to me because they used an old
fashioned practice to solve the problem that we were facing, while I will be
confined to a home where I am not happy."
She is concerned that
joining a polygamous family might expose her to
HIV/AIDS, and "most of the
time when I am alone in bed, I seriously consider
following my sister, who
refused to be imprisoned like this."
Yevai told IRIN that girls of her
age in the community were being forced by
their parents to enter into love
relationships with older men, and then
faking pregnancy so the men would be
compelled to marry them.
"Even when the men insist that they used a
condom, no-one listens to them
and, again, that is not fair, because young
girls unwillingly lose their
virginity and expose themselves to sexually
transmitted diseases," Yevai
said.
Erich Bloch, a Bulawayo-based
economic consultant, said unusual methods were
being employed to beat hunger
because of the "sheer desperation and the
widening poverty cycle set off by
the current economic meltdown."
"When people are starving, when children
cry all night long because of
hunger and parents have nothing to give them,
you see an acute decrease in
moral standards," Bloch said.
http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2008/olympics/2008/08/01/Zimbabwe/
|
Ngoni Makusha's story is not one of political violence, sham elections and seven figure inflation rates. His is one of a freshman who jumped farther than any one else at the NCAA outdoor track and field championships this year. Neither is the story of swimmer Kirsty Coventry, who earlier this year swam the 200-meter backstroke faster than anyone ever has.
But Makusha and Coventry are both Olympians from Zimbabwe, where 2.2 million percent inflation rates and Robert Mugabe's election thuggery have left the country's 12 million people scrambling for survival and have crowded out any good news escaping from the Southern Africa nation. Political violence, sham elections, and seven figure inflation rates have become their story.
"I would hate for Ngoni to win the gold medal and have everyone ask him about how bad the political situation can be," says Ken Harnden, a former Zimbabwean Olympian and one of Makusha's coaches at Florida State. "But you can't escape the headlines."
Those headlines ("113 opposition members killed since vote," just to pick a one) mean bad news will shadow each of Makusha's 27-foot long jumps as the Seminoles freshman tries to join Coventry as the only individual Olympic medalists in their country's history.
Only a country since 1980, Zimbabwe has won just four Olympic medals. The 1980 Moscow Olympics provided the first, when the country was asked to field a team after the boycott deprived the women's field-hockey tournament of every team except the host. In its own Miracle off Ice, the all-white hockey team shocked the Soviets to win gold.
Zimbabwe's other medals all belong to Coventry, a national hero whom Mugabe called his "golden girl" after she won three medals in Athens, including gold in the 200-meter backstroke. With her country mired in a spate of racial tension, Coventry returned with her medals to Zimbabwe to attend a special dinner at Mugabe's presidential palace. Roughly 5,000 people greeted her at Harare International Airport, and Mugabe later gave her $50,000 of "pocket money" and a diplomatic passport.
"I remember her win," said Makusha, who was living just outside Harare in '04. "It meant everything to people in Zimbabwe."
Though Coventry has a chance for an even bigger medal haul after winning four golds at last month's world championships -- and Makusha is an outside shot to add one in the long jump -- prospects for their country have only darkened. Food is often hard to come by, and few outside of Mugabe's circle of influence treat his election -- he was the only person on the July ballot after violent, strong-armed tactics forced his opponent out of the race -- as legitimate.
Makusha and Coventry come from vastly different worlds within Zimbabwe's highly stratified society. Coventry's family employed servants, a common practice among Zimbabwe's elite, and had a pool in their backyard that got Kirsty hooked on the sport after a dislocated knee forced her out of field hockey, tennis and track at age 14. Makusha came from a rural village where running water is a luxury. Kids walk miles to school each day and often live on one square meal a day.
"Just the fact that he graduated from high school should be considered more impressive than his jumping 27 feet," says Harnden, who claims conditions have barely improved in the 20 years since he left Zimbabwe to run track at North Carolina. "When you're just trying to survive everyday, how long could you keep telling yourself , 'I'm going to be the best long jumper in the world'?"
But the travails of being an athlete in Zimbabwe transcend social boundaries. When then-Auburn swimming coach Kim Brackin went to Harare for a winter recruiting trip in 2000, Coventry could only swim a 100 IM for the coach before hopping out of the water blue in the face. None of Zimbabwe's pools are heated, and the country has no indoor pools. Coventry often had to take months off in the winter, while top swimmers trained year round.
"We never had lane lines [in Zimbabwe], it was just find a spot and go," says Coventry, who was recruited by numerous schools in the SEC, where many of Southern Africa's top swimmers end up. "Now it's like, 'How could I train without lane lines?'"
The country also has just one rubber track, with athletes like Makusha training on dirt and grass instead. Makusha had less than a year of actual coaching when he arrived in Tallahassee. Because of his connection to the country, Harnden keeps tabs on its top athletes and has recruited several at Florida State. He sends those who aren't quite skilled enough for the likes of FSU -- which has won three consecutive national titles -- to other schools around the country, but no more than a handful of Zimbabweans make it to U.S. collegiate programs each year.
The lack of Zimbabweans populating U.S. track programs is not for lack of talent, Harnden insists. Education is so porous in Zimbabwe that few athletes have the grades to qualify for American schools, and Zimbabwe only has seven public universities of its own.
"As an athlete of any sort, once you're done with high school, it's essentially a dead end in Zimbabwe if you're not fortunate enough to go to college," says Harnden. "To get an education and compete at a high level, you have to come to the U.S."
With President George Bush recently widening sanctions against Mugabe's regime, international reporters in Beijing will undoubtedly ask Coventry and Makusha as much about their athletic feats as how their country, once the "breadbasket of Africa," has depressed to the point of releasing $1 billion dollar bills -- worth approximately the same as one U.S. dollar, and not enough to buy a loaf of bread.
For her part, Coventry avoids talking politics, clamming up when asked about her post-Olympics dinner with Mugabe, offering only that "it was something we had to do." Family, rather than politics, is what weighs on the minds of the Zimbabwean athletes, especially given that phones lines are often difficult to come by in the country.
"The last couple months it's been scary to read things 'cause I'm so far away, and when you read it you're like, 'What the hell?'" says Coventry, whose parents still live in Harare. "I call my parents, and they're like, No, it's not as bad it seems."
Harnden, Makusha, and fellow Zimbabwean Seminole track athletes Brian Dzingai and Brian Chibudu hold lively political debates on news streaming from their homeland, but Makusha avoids the topic in public. When asked if he ever worries for his family, he merely replies, "God is great, and I know he will protect them."
"Ngoni does a pretty good job of compartmentalizing things because track's so important to him," says Dennis Nobles, the jumps coach at Florida State. "But once he walks away from a training session, you can see he's a little worried about what's going on with his family and the political situation."
With human-rights standoffs on Darfur and Tibet and even within China already making headlines, the games present a unique chance for Makusha and Coventry, along with Zimbabwe's 11 other athletes, to shine positive light on on the country's plight.
Coventry, who set three short-course world records earlier this year, is a favorite to medal in each of her four events. And though Harnden says the 2012 London Games will be the true coming out for Makusha, who also runs several sprints, and several younger Zimbabweans, the long jumper's NCAA-winning leap of 8.30 meters -- into a 1.2-meter headwind -- would have earned him fifth in Athens.
"Things definitely need to change super fast [in Zimbabwe]," says Coventry, emphasizing her favorite adjective, 'super.' "But it's a phase. Now it's time for me to shine a bright light on Zimbabwe instead of the negative stuff. I know that's a little bit of why I'm still swimming. People at home need to know they can still reach their dreams and still have hope."
Without the luxury of already holding three Olympic medals like Coventry, Makusha is still forced to dream. He is already doing his best to make sure he, and his family, don't contribute to Zimbabwe's estimated 80 percent unemployment rate, sending part of his NCAA scholarship stipend home to pay for his younger sister's school.
"Ten U.S. dollars feeds, clothes, and educates a child for a month in Zimbabwe, so you can imagine what a full scholarship looks like to a kid over there," says Harnden. "If he wins an Olympic medal and signs a contract for $100,000, just imagine what that will mean for him and his family."
What it would mean is that Makusha would be making 500 times the per capita GDP in his homeland. He is a business major and once his track career ends -- which he hopes to delay by winning a medal -- he wants to start his own company. But where?
"I don't care," he says from Florida, 10,000 miles removed from the strife engulfing his country, all thanks to his ability to jump 27 feet. "Wherever I can be happy."
http://www.zimonline.co.za/Article.aspx?ArticleId=3495
by Own
Correspondent Saturday 02 August 2008
JOHANNESBURG - South
African opposition Democratic Alliance (DA) party on
Friday urged the
Gauteng provincial government to acknowledge that many
displaced victims of
xenophobic attacks were too scared to return to their
homes.
"The
Gauteng provincial government is in denial," said the DA's James
Lorimer.
"Many people have left the shelters, but those remaining are
still there
because they are too scared to return. That is unlikely to
change in two
weeks.
The Gauteng provincial government announced on
Thursday that the six
temporary shelters set up to accommodate foreign
nationals displaced by the
May xenophobic attacks in the province would be
closed by August 15, adding
that conditions were now conducive for
foreigners to return home and police
would protect them against any form of
violence.
"Pretending that refugees are now safe to return will not make
the refugees
safe," Lorimer said.
"The province should start planning
what steps it will make to accommodate
the people who are still too scared
to return when the shelters close in two
weeks time."
A violent wave
of xenophobic attacks started on May 12 in Johannesburg's
Alexandra township
of the poor before spreading to other townships in
Diepsloot, Hillbrow,
Jeppe, Cleveland, Thokoza, Tembisa and provinces of
KwaZulu-Natal, North
West, Mpumalanga and Western Cape, leaving more than 62
people dead and 17
000 displaced, according to police.
Rampaging mobs of South African men
armed with machetes, axes, spears and
guns attacked and killed immigrants
looting their property in an
unprecedented two-week wave of xenophobic
violence that shocked a nation,
which prides itself as among the most
tolerant societies in the world.
It is estimated that more than 30 000
foreign nationals mostly from
Zimbabwe, Mozambique and other African
countries fled xenophobic attacks in
poor South African townships and sought
refuge in police stations, churches
and public buildings.
Government
later set up temporary shelters for the homeless foreign
nationals and has
been seeking to reintegrate displaced people back into
their
communities.
The six shelters where thousands of displaced foreign
nationals in Gauteng
have been accommodated as a stop gap measure to provide
urgent humanitarian
relief following the xenophobic horror attacks, will be
closed on August 15
after which water and electricity supplies will also be
cut immediately.
Foreigners at the shelters have been given a six-month
temporary permit to
stay legally in the country. - ZimOnline